
- Dutch
- Frisian
- Afrikaans
- Dutch
- Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Phonotactics
- Phonological processes
- Phonology-morphology interface
- Word stress
- Primary stress in simplex words
- Monomorphemic words
- Diachronic aspects
- Generalizations on stress placement
- Default penultimate stress
- Lexical stress
- The closed penult restriction
- Final closed syllables
- The diphthong restriction
- Superheavy syllables (SHS)
- The three-syllable window
- Segmental restrictions
- Phonetic correlates
- Stress shifts in loanwords
- Quantity-sensitivity
- Secondary stress
- Vowel reduction in unstressed syllables
- Stress in complex words
- Primary stress in simplex words
- Accent & intonation
- Clitics
- Spelling
- Morphology
- Word formation
- Compounding
- Nominal compounds
- Verbal compounds
- Adjectival compounds
- Affixoids
- Coordinative compounds
- Synthetic compounds
- Reduplicative compounds
- Phrase-based compounds
- Elative compounds
- Exocentric compounds
- Linking elements
- Separable complex verbs (SCVs)
- Gapping of complex words
- Particle verbs
- Copulative compounds
- Derivation
- Numerals
- Derivation: inputs and input restrictions
- The meaning of affixes
- Non-native morphology
- Cohering and non-cohering affixes
- Prefixation
- Suffixation
- Nominal suffixation: person nouns
- Conversion
- Pseudo-participles
- Bound forms
- Nouns
- Nominal prefixes
- Nominal suffixes
- -aal and -eel
- -aar
- -aard
- -aat
- -air
- -aris
- -ast
- Diminutives
- -dom
- -een
- -ees
- -el (nominal)
- -elaar
- -enis
- -er (nominal)
- -erd
- -erik
- -es
- -eur
- -euse
- ge...te
- -heid
- -iaan, -aan
- -ief
- -iek
- -ier
- -ier (French)
- -ière
- -iet
- -igheid
- -ij and allomorphs
- -ijn
- -in
- -ing
- -isme
- -ist
- -iteit
- -ling
- -oir
- -oot
- -rice
- -schap
- -schap (de)
- -schap (het)
- -sel
- -st
- -ster
- -t
- -tal
- -te
- -voud
- Verbs
- Adjectives
- Adverbs
- Univerbation
- Neo-classical word formation
- Construction-dependent morphology
- Morphological productivity
- Compounding
- Inflection
- Inflection and derivation
- Allomorphy
- The interface between phonology and morphology
- Word formation
- Syntax
- Preface and acknowledgements
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- 1 Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of verb phrases I:Argument structure
- 3 Projection of verb phrases II:Verb frame alternations
- Introduction
- 3.1. Main types
- 3.2. Alternations involving the external argument
- 3.3. Alternations of noun phrases and PPs
- 3.3.1. Dative/PP alternations (dative shift)
- 3.3.1.1. Dative alternation with aan-phrases (recipients)
- 3.3.1.2. Dative alternation with naar-phrases (goals)
- 3.3.1.3. Dative alternation with van-phrases (sources)
- 3.3.1.4. Dative alternation with bij-phrases (possessors)
- 3.3.1.5. Dative alternation with voor-phrases (benefactives)
- 3.3.1.6. Conclusion
- 3.3.1.7. Bibliographical notes
- 3.3.2. Accusative/PP alternations
- 3.3.3. Nominative/PP alternations
- 3.3.1. Dative/PP alternations (dative shift)
- 3.4. Some apparent cases of verb frame alternation
- 3.5. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of verb phrases IIIa:Selection of clauses/verb phrases
- 5 Projection of verb phrases IIIb:Argument and complementive clauses
- Introduction
- 5.1. Finite argument clauses
- 5.2. Infinitival argument clauses
- 5.3. Complementive clauses
- 6 Projection of verb phrases IIIc:Complements of non-main verbs
- 7 Projection of verb phrases IIId:Verb clusters
- 8 Projection of verb phrases IV: Adverbial modification
- 9 Word order in the clause I:General introduction
- 10 Word order in the clause II:Position of the finite verb (verb-first/second)
- 11 Word order in the clause III:Clause-initial position (wh-movement)
- Introduction
- 11.1. The formation of V1- and V2-clauses
- 11.2. Clause-initial position remains (phonetically) empty
- 11.3. Clause-initial position is filled
- 12 Word order in the clause IV:Postverbal field (extraposition)
- 13 Word order in the clause V: Middle field (scrambling)
- 14 Main-clause external elements
- Nouns and Noun Phrases
- 1 Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of noun phrases I: complementation
- Introduction
- 2.1. General observations
- 2.2. Prepositional and nominal complements
- 2.3. Clausal complements
- 2.4. Bibliographical notes
- 3 Projection of noun phrases II: modification
- Introduction
- 3.1. Restrictive and non-restrictive modifiers
- 3.2. Premodification
- 3.3. Postmodification
- 3.3.1. Adpositional phrases
- 3.3.2. Relative clauses
- 3.3.3. Infinitival clauses
- 3.3.4. A special case: clauses referring to a proposition
- 3.3.5. Adjectival phrases
- 3.3.6. Adverbial postmodification
- 3.4. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of noun phrases III: binominal constructions
- Introduction
- 4.1. Binominal constructions without a preposition
- 4.2. Binominal constructions with a preposition
- 4.3. Bibliographical notes
- 5 Determiners: articles and pronouns
- Introduction
- 5.1. Articles
- 5.2. Pronouns
- 5.3. Bibliographical notes
- 6 Numerals and quantifiers
- 7 Pre-determiners
- Introduction
- 7.1. The universal quantifier al 'all' and its alternants
- 7.2. The pre-determiner heel 'all/whole'
- 7.3. A note on focus particles
- 7.4. Bibliographical notes
- 8 Syntactic uses of noun phrases
- Adjectives and Adjective Phrases
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- 2 Projection of adjective phrases I: Complementation
- 3 Projection of adjective phrases II: Modification
- 4 Projection of adjective phrases III: Comparison
- 5 Attributive use of the adjective phrase
- 6 Predicative use of the adjective phrase
- 7 The partitive genitive construction
- 8 Adverbial use of the adjective phrase
- 9 Participles and infinitives: their adjectival use
- 10 Special constructions
- Adpositions and adpositional phrases
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- Introduction
- 1.1. Characterization of the category adposition
- 1.2. A formal classification of adpositional phrases
- 1.3. A semantic classification of adpositional phrases
- 1.3.1. Spatial adpositions
- 1.3.2. Temporal adpositions
- 1.3.3. Non-spatial/temporal prepositions
- 1.4. Borderline cases
- 1.5. Bibliographical notes
- 2 Projection of adpositional phrases: Complementation
- 3 Projection of adpositional phrases: Modification
- 4 Syntactic uses of the adpositional phrase
- 5 R-pronominalization and R-words
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- Phonology
- Frisian
- General
- Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Phonotactics
- Phonological Processes
- Assimilation
- Vowel nasalization
- Syllabic sonorants
- Final devoicing
- Fake geminates
- Vowel hiatus resolution
- Vowel reduction introduction
- Schwa deletion
- Schwa insertion
- /r/-deletion
- d-insertion
- {s/z}-insertion
- t-deletion
- Intrusive stop formation
- Breaking
- Vowel shortening
- h-deletion
- Replacement of the glide w
- Word stress
- Clitics
- Allomorphy
- Orthography of Frisian
- Morphology
- Inflection
- Word formation
- Derivation
- Prefixation
- Infixation
- Suffixation
- Nominal suffixes
- Verbal suffixes
- Adjectival suffixes
- Adverbial suffixes
- Numeral suffixes
- Interjectional suffixes
- Onomastic suffixes
- Conversion
- Derivation
- Syntax
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Unergative and unaccusative subjects
- Evidentiality
- To-infinitival clauses
- Predication and noun incorporation
- Ellipsis
- Imperativus-pro-Infinitivo
- Expression of irrealis
- Embedded Verb Second
- Agreement
- Negation
- Nouns & Noun Phrases
- Classification
- Complementation
- Modification
- Partitive noun constructions
- Referential partitive constructions
- Partitive measure nouns
- Numeral partitive constructions
- Partitive question constructions
- Nominalised quantifiers
- Kind partitives
- Partitive predication with prepositions
- Bare nominal attributions
- Articles and names
- Pronouns
- Quantifiers and (pre)determiners
- Interrogative pronouns
- R-pronouns
- Syntactic uses
- Adjective Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification and degree quantification
- Comparison by degree
- Comparative
- Superlative
- Equative
- Attribution
- Agreement
- Attributive adjectives vs. prenominal elements
- Complex adjectives
- Noun ellipsis
- Co-occurring adjectives
- Predication
- Partitive adjective constructions
- Adverbial use
- Participles and infinitives
- Adposition Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification
- Intransitive adpositions
- Predication
- Preposition stranding
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- Afrikaans
- General
- Phonology
- Afrikaans phonology
- Segment inventory
- Overview of Afrikaans vowels
- The diphthongised long vowels /e/, /ø/ and /o/
- The unrounded mid-front vowel /ɛ/
- The unrounded low-central vowel /ɑ/
- The unrounded low-central vowel /a/
- The rounded mid-high back vowel /ɔ/
- The rounded high back vowel /u/
- The rounded and unrounded high front vowels /i/ and /y/
- The unrounded and rounded central vowels /ə/ and /œ/
- The diphthongs /əi/, /œy/ and /œu/
- Overview of Afrikaans consonants
- The bilabial plosives /p/ and /b/
- The alveolar plosives /t/ and /d/
- The velar plosives /k/ and /g/
- The bilabial nasal /m/
- The alveolar nasal /n/
- The velar nasal /ŋ/
- The trill /r/
- The lateral liquid /l/
- The alveolar fricative /s/
- The velar fricative /x/
- The labiodental fricatives /f/ and /v/
- The approximants /ɦ/, /j/ and /ʋ/
- Overview of Afrikaans vowels
- Word stress
- The phonetic properties of stress
- Primary stress on monomorphemic words in Afrikaans
- Background to primary stress in monomorphemes in Afrikaans
- Overview of the Main Stress Rule of Afrikaans
- The short vowels of Afrikaans
- Long vowels in monomorphemes
- Primary stress on diphthongs in monomorphemes
- Exceptions
- Stress shifts in place names
- Stress shift towards word-final position
- Stress pattern of reduplications
- Phonological processes
- Vowel related processes
- Consonant related processes
- Homorganic glide insertion
- Phonology-morphology interface
- Phonotactics
- Morphology
- Syntax
- Afrikaans syntax
- Nouns and noun phrases
- Characteristics of the NP
- Classification of nouns
- Complementation of NPs
- Modification of NPs
- Binominal and partitive constructions
- Referential partitive constructions
- Partitive measure nouns
- Numeral partitive constructions
- Partitive question constructions
- Partitive constructions with nominalised quantifiers
- Partitive predication with prepositions
- Binominal name constructions
- Binominal genitive constructions
- Bare nominal attribution
- Articles and names
- Pronouns
- Quantifiers, determiners and predeterminers
- Syntactic uses of the noun phrase
- Adjectives and adjective phrases
- Characteristics and classification of the AP
- Complementation of APs
- Modification and Degree Quantification of APs
- Comparison by comparative, superlative and equative degree
- Attribution of APs
- Predication of APs
- The partitive adjective construction
- Adverbial use of APs
- Participles and infinitives as adjectives
- Verbs and verb phrases
- Characterisation and classification
- Argument structure
- Verb frame alternations
- Complements of non-main verbs
- Verb clusters
- Complement clauses
- Adverbial modification
- Word order in the clause: Introduction
- Word order in the clause: position of the finite Verb
- Word order in the clause: Clause-initial position
- Word order in the clause: Extraposition and right-dislocation in the postverbal field
- Word order in the middle field
- Emphatic constructions
- Adpositions and adposition phrases
There are two binominal genitive constructions in Afrikaans. The one construction is with the genitive particlese 's (1a). In this construction, the first noun or noun phrase (N1) is the possessor, followed by se, and then the possessum (N2). The possessum, N2, is the head noun of the construction, with N1 and the genitive particle functioning semantically as a kind of modifier. The other binominal genitive construction is with the genitive particle (sometimes classified as a preposition, even in genitive constructions) van of (1b). In this construction, the order of the nouns are reversed – N1 is the possessum, and head noun, followed by van, and then the possessor (N2).
a. | Newton se wet | ||||||||||||||
Newton PTCL.GEN law | |||||||||||||||
Newton's law | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO |
b. | 'n vragmotor van PG Bison | ||||||||||||||
a truck PTCL.GEN PG Bison | |||||||||||||||
a truck of PG Bison | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO |
The central semantic relation typically associated with the genitive construction is that of possession. However, there are many different semantic relations expressed by genitive constructions, and specifically those with se and with van. Several semantic relations can be expressed by either construction, including non-prototypical relations such as subjective (2a) and attributive (2b) relations, and prototypical relations such as kin terms (2c), body parts (2d), part-whole (2e), and of course ownership (2f). There are also measure genitives (2g, 2h), where the possessor indicates a measure of some sort applied to the possessum.
a. | die ouens se musiek | ||||||||||||||
the guys PTCL.GEN music | |||||||||||||||
the guys' music | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO |
b. | die taalvaardigheid van skoolverlaters | ||||||||||||||
the language.proficiency PTCL.GEN school.leavers | |||||||||||||||
the language proficiency of graduating learners | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO |
c. | my sus se skoonfamilie | ||||||||||||||
my sister PTCL.GEN in.law.family | |||||||||||||||
my sister's in-laws | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO |
d. | die hond se poot | ||||||||||||||
the dog PTCL.GEN paw | |||||||||||||||
the dog's paw | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO |
e. | die sakke van 'n swart jas | ||||||||||||||
the pockets PTCL.GEN a black coat | |||||||||||||||
the pockets of a black coat | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO |
f. | die huis van 'n bejaarde egpaar | ||||||||||||||
the house PTCL.GEN an elderly couple | |||||||||||||||
the house of an elderly couple | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO |
g. | 'n oulap se rooi | ||||||||||||||
a penny PTCL.GEN red | |||||||||||||||
a penny's red | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO |
h. | 'n proeftydperk van drie maande | ||||||||||||||
a probation.period PTCL.GEN three months | |||||||||||||||
a probationary period of three months | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO |
There are other semantic relations only expressed by van constructions, such as appositives (3a), partitives (3b), and descriptives genitives (3c). Both se and van constructions also feature in fixed expressions, such as (3d) and (3e).
a. | die daad van misdaadpleging | ||||||||||||||
the deed PTCL.GEN crime.committing | |||||||||||||||
the deed of committing a crime | |||||||||||||||
HCSA |
b. | twee van die bande | ||||||||||||||
two PTCL.GEN the tyres | |||||||||||||||
two of the tyres | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO |
c. | 'n muur van herinnering | ||||||||||||||
a wall PTCL.GEN remembrance | |||||||||||||||
a wall of remembrance | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO |
d. | 8-uur se kant | ||||||||||||||
8-hour PTCL.GEN side | |||||||||||||||
around 8 o'clock | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO |
e. | een van die dae | ||||||||||||||
one PTCL.PTV the days | |||||||||||||||
any day now | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO |
The possessor in genitive constructions can refer to a number of different entities – some are humans (2a-c), some are animals (2d), temporal (2h), or inanimate objects (2e). Further types of possessors include collectives (4a) and locatives (4b).
a. | die deposito van 'n politieke party | ||||||||||||||
the deposit PTCL.GEN a political party | |||||||||||||||
the deposit of a political party | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO |
b. | Franschhoek se munisipaliteit | ||||||||||||||
Franschhoek PTCL.GEN municipality | |||||||||||||||
Franschhoek's municipality | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO |
The NPs in genitive constructions can both be fairly complex. Sometimes they are coordinated or modified (5a-c), even with a PP (5d).
a. | die bure se Wit Hilux 4.2D Diesel Bakkie | ||||||||||||||
the neighbours PTCL.GEN White Hilux 4.2D Diesel Truck | |||||||||||||||
the neighbours' White Hilux 4.2D Diesel Pick-up | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO |
b. | die bloed van pa en ma | ||||||||||||||
the blood PTCL.GEN dad and mom | |||||||||||||||
the blood of father and mother | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO |
c. | verskeie ander basisse se beamptes en offisiere | ||||||||||||||
several other bases PTCL.GEN officials and officers | |||||||||||||||
officials and officers of several other bases | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO |
d. | 'n ou vriend met 'n ernstige dwelmprobleem se vrou | ||||||||||||||
an old friend with a serious drug.problem PTCL.GEN wife | |||||||||||||||
the wife of an old friend with a serious drug problem | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO |
Genitive constructions can also be nested within one another. In (6a) there are two se constructions; in (6b) a se construction in a van construction, and in (6c) a van construction in a se construction. In (6d) it becomes clear that there can be multiple nested genitives, with three van constructions nested in one another.
a. | Kallie Kookfontein se plaas se naam | ||||||||||||||
Kallie Kookfontein PTCL.GEN farm PTCL.GEN name | |||||||||||||||
Kallie Kookfontein's farm's name | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO |
b. | daai vertaling van bbnet se plasing | ||||||||||||||
that translation PTCL.GEN bbnet PTCL.GEN placement | |||||||||||||||
that translation of bbnet's placement | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO |
c. | die jare se indoktrinasie van feite en realiteit | ||||||||||||||
the years PTCL.GEN indoctrination PTCL.GEN facts and reality | |||||||||||||||
the years' indoctrination of facts and reality | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO |
d. | die bepalings van artikel 204 van Wet 51 van 1977 | ||||||||||||||
the provisions PTCL.GEN article 204 of Law 51 of 1977 | |||||||||||||||
the provisions of article 204 of Law 51 of 1977 | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO |
