- Dutch1
- Frisian
- Saterfrisian
- Afrikaans
-
- Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Phonotactics
- Phonological processes
- Phonology-morphology interface
- Word stress
- Primary stress in simplex words
- Monomorphemic words
- Diachronic aspects
- Generalizations on stress placement
- Default penultimate stress
- Lexical stress
- The closed penult restriction
- Final closed syllables
- The diphthong restriction
- Superheavy syllables (SHS)
- The three-syllable window
- Segmental restrictions
- Phonetic correlates
- Stress shifts in loanwords
- Quantity-sensitivity
- Secondary stress
- Vowel reduction in unstressed syllables
- Stress in complex words
- Primary stress in simplex words
- Accent & intonation
- Clitics
- Spelling
- Morphology
- Word formation
- Compounding
- Nominal compounds
- Verbal compounds
- Adjectival compounds
- Affixoids
- Coordinative compounds
- Synthetic compounds
- Reduplicative compounds
- Phrase-based compounds
- Elative compounds
- Exocentric compounds
- Linking elements
- Separable complex verbs (SCVs)
- Gapping of complex words
- Particle verbs
- Copulative compounds
- Derivation
- Numerals
- Derivation: inputs and input restrictions
- The meaning of affixes
- Non-native morphology
- Cohering and non-cohering affixes
- Prefixation
- Suffixation
- Nominal suffixation: person nouns
- Conversion
- Pseudo-participles
- Bound forms
- Nouns
- Nominal prefixes
- Nominal suffixes
- -aal and -eel
- -aar
- -aard
- -aat
- -air
- -aris
- -ast
- Diminutives
- -dom
- -een
- -ees
- -el (nominal)
- -elaar
- -enis
- -er (nominal)
- -erd
- -erik
- -es
- -eur
- -euse
- ge...te
- -heid
- -iaan, -aan
- -ief
- -iek
- -ier
- -ier (French)
- -ière
- -iet
- -igheid
- -ij and allomorphs
- -ijn
- -in
- -ing
- -isme
- -ist
- -iteit
- -ling
- -oir
- -oot
- -rice
- -schap
- -schap (de)
- -schap (het)
- -sel
- -st
- -ster
- -t
- -tal
- -te
- -voud
- Verbs
- Adjectives
- Adverbs
- Univerbation
- Neo-classical word formation
- Construction-dependent morphology
- Morphological productivity
- Compounding
- Inflection
- Inflection and derivation
- Allomorphy
- The interface between phonology and morphology
- Word formation
- Syntax
- Preface and acknowledgements
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- 1 Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of verb phrases I:Argument structure
- 3 Projection of verb phrases II:Verb frame alternations
- Introduction
- 3.1. Main types
- 3.2. Alternations involving the external argument
- 3.3. Alternations of noun phrases and PPs
- 3.3.1. Dative/PP alternations (dative shift)
- 3.3.1.1. Dative alternation with aan-phrases (recipients)
- 3.3.1.2. Dative alternation with naar-phrases (goals)
- 3.3.1.3. Dative alternation with van-phrases (sources)
- 3.3.1.4. Dative alternation with bij-phrases (possessors)
- 3.3.1.5. Dative alternation with voor-phrases (benefactives)
- 3.3.1.6. Conclusion
- 3.3.1.7. Bibliographical notes
- 3.3.2. Accusative/PP alternations
- 3.3.3. Nominative/PP alternations
- 3.3.1. Dative/PP alternations (dative shift)
- 3.4. Some apparent cases of verb frame alternation
- 3.5. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of verb phrases IIIa:Selection of clauses/verb phrases
- 5 Projection of verb phrases IIIb:Argument and complementive clauses
- Introduction
- 5.1. Finite argument clauses
- 5.2. Infinitival argument clauses
- 5.3. Complementive clauses
- 6 Projection of verb phrases IIIc:Complements of non-main verbs
- 7 Projection of verb phrases IIId:Verb clusters
- 8 Projection of verb phrases IV: Adverbial modification
- 9 Word order in the clause I:General introduction
- 10 Word order in the clause II:Position of the finite verb (verb-first/second)
- 11 Word order in the clause III:Clause-initial position (wh-movement)
- Introduction
- 11.1. The formation of V1- and V2-clauses
- 11.2. Clause-initial position remains (phonetically) empty
- 11.3. Clause-initial position is filled
- 12 Word order in the clause IV:Postverbal field (extraposition)
- 13 Word order in the clause V: Middle field (scrambling)
- 14 Main-clause external elements
- Nouns and Noun Phrases
- 1 Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of noun phrases I: complementation
- Introduction
- 2.1. General observations
- 2.2. Prepositional and nominal complements
- 2.3. Clausal complements
- 2.4. Bibliographical notes
- 3 Projection of noun phrases II: modification
- Introduction
- 3.1. Restrictive and non-restrictive modifiers
- 3.2. Premodification
- 3.3. Postmodification
- 3.3.1. Adpositional phrases
- 3.3.2. Relative clauses
- 3.3.3. Infinitival clauses
- 3.3.4. A special case: clauses referring to a proposition
- 3.3.5. Adjectival phrases
- 3.3.6. Adverbial postmodification
- 3.4. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of noun phrases III: binominal constructions
- Introduction
- 4.1. Binominal constructions without a preposition
- 4.2. Binominal constructions with a preposition
- 4.3. Bibliographical notes
- 5 Determiners: articles and pronouns
- Introduction
- 5.1. Articles
- 5.2. Pronouns
- 5.3. Bibliographical notes
- 6 Numerals and quantifiers
- 7 Pre-determiners
- Introduction
- 7.1. The universal quantifier al 'all' and its alternants
- 7.2. The pre-determiner heel 'all/whole'
- 7.3. A note on focus particles
- 7.4. Bibliographical notes
- 8 Syntactic uses of noun phrases
- Adjectives and Adjective Phrases
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- 2 Projection of adjective phrases I: Complementation
- 3 Projection of adjective phrases II: Modification
- 4 Projection of adjective phrases III: Comparison
- 5 Attributive use of the adjective phrase
- 6 Predicative use of the adjective phrase
- 7 The partitive genitive construction
- 8 Adverbial use of the adjective phrase
- 9 Participles and infinitives: their adjectival use
- 10 Special constructions
- Adpositions and adpositional phrases
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- Introduction
- 1.1. Characterization of the category adposition
- 1.2. A formal classification of adpositional phrases
- 1.3. A semantic classification of adpositional phrases
- 1.3.1. Spatial adpositions
- 1.3.2. Temporal adpositions
- 1.3.3. Non-spatial/temporal prepositions
- 1.4. Borderline cases
- 1.5. Bibliographical notes
- 2 Projection of adpositional phrases: Complementation
- 3 Projection of adpositional phrases: Modification
- 4 Syntactic uses of the adpositional phrase
- 5 R-pronominalization and R-words
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- Phonology
-
- General
- Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Phonotactics
- Phonological Processes
- Assimilation
- Vowel nasalization
- Syllabic sonorants
- Final devoicing
- Fake geminates
- Vowel hiatus resolution
- Vowel reduction introduction
- Schwa deletion
- Schwa insertion
- /r/-deletion
- d-insertion
- {s/z}-insertion
- t-deletion
- Intrusive stop formation
- Breaking
- Vowel shortening
- h-deletion
- Replacement of the glide w
- Word stress
- Clitics
- Allomorphy
- Orthography of Frisian
- Morphology
- Inflection
- Word formation
- Derivation
- Prefixation
- Infixation
- Suffixation
- Nominal suffixes
- Verbal suffixes
- Adjectival suffixes
- Adverbial suffixes
- Numeral suffixes
- Interjectional suffixes
- Onomastic suffixes
- Conversion
- Compositions
- Derivation
- Syntax
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Unergative and unaccusative subjects
- Evidentiality
- To-infinitival clauses
- Predication and noun incorporation
- Ellipsis
- Imperativus-pro-Infinitivo
- Expression of irrealis
- Embedded Verb Second
- Agreement
- Negation
- Nouns & Noun Phrases
- Classification
- Complementation
- Modification
- Partitive noun constructions
- Referential partitive constructions
- Partitive measure nouns
- Numeral partitive constructions
- Partitive question constructions
- Nominalised quantifiers
- Kind partitives
- Partitive predication with prepositions
- Bare nominal attributions
- Articles and names
- Pronouns
- Quantifiers and (pre)determiners
- Interrogative pronouns
- R-pronouns
- Syntactic uses
- Adjective Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification and degree quantification
- Comparison by degree
- Comparative
- Superlative
- Equative
- Attribution
- Agreement
- Attributive adjectives vs. prenominal elements
- Complex adjectives
- Noun ellipsis
- Co-occurring adjectives
- Predication
- Partitive adjective constructions
- Adverbial use
- Participles and infinitives
- Adposition Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification
- Intransitive adpositions
- Predication
- Preposition stranding
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
-
- General
- Morphology
- Morphology
- 1 Word formation
- 1.1 Compounding
- 1.1.1 Compounds and their heads
- 1.1.2 Special types of compounds
- 1.1.2.1 Affixoids
- 1.1.2.2 Coordinative compounds
- 1.1.2.3 Synthetic compounds and complex pseudo-participles
- 1.1.2.4 Reduplicative compounds
- 1.1.2.5 Phrase-based compounds
- 1.1.2.6 Elative compounds
- 1.1.2.7 Exocentric compounds
- 1.1.2.8 Linking elements
- 1.1.2.9 Separable Complex Verbs and Particle Verbs
- 1.1.2.10 Noun Incorporation Verbs
- 1.1.2.11 Gapping
- 1.2 Derivation
- 1.3 Minor patterns of word formation
- 1.1 Compounding
- 2 Inflection
- 1 Word formation
- Morphology
- Syntax
- Adjectives and adjective phrases (APs)
- 0 Introduction to the AP
- 1 Characteristics and classification of APs
- 2 Complementation of APs
- 3 Modification and degree quantification of APs
- 4 Comparison by comparative, superlative and equative
- 5 Attribution of APs
- 6 Predication of APs
- 7 The partitive adjective construction
- 8 Adverbial use of APs
- 9 Participles and infinitives as APs
- Nouns and Noun Phrases (NPs)
- 0 Introduction to the NP
- 1 Characteristics and Classification of NPs
- 2 Complementation of NPs
- 3 Modification of NPs
- 3.1 Modification of NP by Determiners and APs
- 3.2 Modification of NP by PP
- 3.3 Modification of NP by adverbial clauses
- 3.4 Modification of NP by possessors
- 3.5 Modification of NP by relative clauses
- 3.6 Modification of NP in a cleft construction
- 3.7 Free relative clauses and selected interrogative clauses
- 4 Partitive noun constructions and constructions related to them
- 4.1 The referential partitive construction
- 4.2 The partitive construction of abstract quantity
- 4.3 The numerical partitive construction
- 4.4 The partitive interrogative construction
- 4.5 Adjectival, nominal and nominalised partitive quantifiers
- 4.6 Kind partitives
- 4.7 Partitive predication with a preposition
- 4.8 Bare nominal attribution
- 5 Articles and names
- 6 Pronouns
- 7 Quantifiers, determiners and predeterminers
- 8 Interrogative pronouns
- 9 R-pronouns and the indefinite expletive
- 10 Syntactic functions of Noun Phrases
- Adpositions and Adpositional Phrases (PPs)
- 0 Introduction to the PP
- 1 Characteristics and classification of PPs
- 2 Complementation of PPs
- 3 Modification of PPs
- 4 Bare (intransitive) adpositions
- 5 Predication of PPs
- 6 Form and distribution of adpositions with respect to staticity and construction type
- 7 Adpositional complements and adverbials
- Verbs and Verb Phrases (VPs)
- 0 Introduction to the VP in Saterland Frisian
- 1 Characteristics and classification of verbs
- 2 Unergative and unaccusative subjects and the auxiliary of the perfect
- 3 Evidentiality in relation to perception and epistemicity
- 4 Types of to-infinitival constituents
- 5 Predication
- 5.1 The auxiliary of being and its selection restrictions
- 5.2 The auxiliary of going and its selection restrictions
- 5.3 The auxiliary of continuation and its selection restrictions
- 5.4 The auxiliary of coming and its selection restrictions
- 5.5 Modal auxiliaries and their selection restrictions
- 5.6 Auxiliaries of body posture and aspect and their selection restrictions
- 5.7 Transitive verbs of predication
- 5.8 The auxiliary of doing used as a semantically empty finite auxiliary
- 5.9 Supplementive predication
- 6 The verbal paradigm, irregularity and suppletion
- 7 Verb Second and the word order in main and embedded clauses
- 8 Various aspects of clause structure
- Adjectives and adjective phrases (APs)
-
- General
- Phonology
- Afrikaans phonology
- Segment inventory
- Overview of Afrikaans vowels
- The diphthongised long vowels /e/, /ø/ and /o/
- The unrounded mid-front vowel /ɛ/
- The unrounded low-central vowel /ɑ/
- The unrounded low-central vowel /a/
- The rounded mid-high back vowel /ɔ/
- The rounded high back vowel /u/
- The rounded and unrounded high front vowels /i/ and /y/
- The unrounded and rounded central vowels /ə/ and /œ/
- The diphthongs /əi/, /œy/ and /œu/
- Overview of Afrikaans consonants
- The bilabial plosives /p/ and /b/
- The alveolar plosives /t/ and /d/
- The velar plosives /k/ and /g/
- The bilabial nasal /m/
- The alveolar nasal /n/
- The velar nasal /ŋ/
- The trill /r/
- The lateral liquid /l/
- The alveolar fricative /s/
- The velar fricative /x/
- The labiodental fricatives /f/ and /v/
- The approximants /ɦ/, /j/ and /ʋ/
- Overview of Afrikaans vowels
- Word stress
- The phonetic properties of stress
- Primary stress on monomorphemic words in Afrikaans
- Background to primary stress in monomorphemes in Afrikaans
- Overview of the Main Stress Rule of Afrikaans
- The short vowels of Afrikaans
- Long vowels in monomorphemes
- Primary stress on diphthongs in monomorphemes
- Exceptions
- Stress shifts in place names
- Stress shift towards word-final position
- Stress pattern of reduplications
- Phonological processes
- Vowel related processes
- Consonant related processes
- Homorganic glide insertion
- Phonology-morphology interface
- Phonotactics
- Morphology
- Syntax
- Afrikaans syntax
- Nouns and noun phrases
- Characteristics of the NP
- Classification of nouns
- Complementation of NPs
- Modification of NPs
- Binominal and partitive constructions
- Referential partitive constructions
- Partitive measure nouns
- Numeral partitive constructions
- Partitive question constructions
- Partitive constructions with nominalised quantifiers
- Partitive predication with prepositions
- Binominal name constructions
- Binominal genitive constructions
- Bare nominal attribution
- Articles and names
- Pronouns
- Quantifiers, determiners and predeterminers
- Syntactic uses of the noun phrase
- Adjectives and adjective phrases
- Characteristics and classification of the AP
- Complementation of APs
- Modification and Degree Quantification of APs
- Comparison by comparative, superlative and equative degree
- Attribution of APs
- Predication of APs
- The partitive adjective construction
- Adverbial use of APs
- Participles and infinitives as adjectives
- Verbs and verb phrases
- Characterisation and classification
- Argument structure
- Verb frame alternations
- Complements of non-main verbs
- Verb clusters
- Complement clauses
- Adverbial modification
- Word order in the clause: Introduction
- Word order in the clause: position of the finite Verb
- Word order in the clause: Clause-initial position
- Word order in the clause: Extraposition and right-dislocation in the postverbal field
- Word order in the middle field
- Emphatic constructions
- Adpositions and adposition phrases
The rules for the formation of complex cardinal numerals are themselves rather complex and often leave room for several alternative options. Three processes may be involved; see also Booij (2010:ch.8). The first is derivation, that is, cases in which the complex form is derived by means of a bound morpheme. This is mainly the case with the formation of those numerals from 20 to 90 that correspond to multiples of 10; two examples are given in (2a). The second process seems to involve compounding, and forms complex cardinal numerals from simpler ones that can occur independently. It should be noted, however, that at least some of these complex forms may plausibly be analyzed as phrases, which is also reflected in the orthographical rules, which require some of these complex numerals to be written as one word, but others as separate words; some examples are given in (2b). Finally, complex numerals can be formed by means of coordination withen'and/plus', as in (2c). Although this process results in formations that are phrase-like, the orthographic rules require a complex form to be written as a single word if it refers to a number below 100, which may be related to the fact that the element en must be obligatorily realized in such cases. The complex numerals above 100, on the other hand, must be written as separate words, which may be related to the fact that the conjunction en is optional in these cases.
a. | Derivation: vijf-tig (50), zes-tig (60) |
b. | Compounding: vijf-tien (15), vijf-honderd (500), zes miljoen (6,000,000) |
c. | Coordination: vijfenvijftig (55), honderd (en) vijf (105) |
Example (3) provides the cardinal numerals from 0 to 19. The numerals corresponding to 0 to 12 (given in small caps) are all base forms. The remaining numerals are compound-like with the numeral tien acting as the second member of the compound. The first member is one of the numerals corresponding to 5 to 9, or one of the irregular bound morphemes der- and veer-, which also feature in dertig'thirty' and veertig'forty' (these irregular forms are given in italics).
0 | nul | 10 | tien |
1 | één | 11 | elf |
2 | twee | 12 | twaalf |
3 | drie | 13 | der-tien |
4 | vier | 14 | veer-tien |
5 | vijf | 15 | vijf-tien |
6 | zes | 16 | zes-tien |
7 | zeven | 17 | zeven-tien |
8 | acht | 18 | acht-tien |
9 | negen | 19 | negen-tien |
Example (4) shows that the numerals corresponding to the multiples of 10 from 20 to 90 all feature the bound morpheme -tig. Most of these forms are regular derivations from the simple numerals in Example (3), but there are also less regular formations. The first is twintig'twenty', in which the morpheme -tig is attached to the form twin-, which does not appear elsewhere in the numeral system. Other more or less irregular forms are dertig'thirty' and veertig'forty', which are derived from the bound morphemes der- and veer-, which also appear in dertien'thirteen' and veertien'fourteen'. Finally, there is tachtig'eighty' where the first morpheme features a /t/ in the onset which is not found in the base form acht'eight'. The remaining numbers between 20 and 100 are phrase-like, and are built up by means of coordination of one of the numerals from 1 to 9 and one of the forms in the first column in example (4) by means of the conjunction-like element en. As was mentioned above, these combinations are written as single words; the orthographical system apparently treats these combinations as compounds employing the “binding” morpheme -en-. Some examples are given in the second and third columns of the table in (4).
20 | twin-tig | 21 | éénentwintig | 29 | negenentwintig |
30 | der-tig | 31 | éénendertig | 39 | negenendertig |
40 | veer-tig | 41 | éénenveertig | 49 | negenenveertig |
50 | vijf-tig | 51 | éénenvijftig | 59 | negenenvijftig |
60 | zes-tig | 61 | éénenzestig | 69 | negenenzestig |
70 | zeven-tig | 71 | éénenzeventig | 79 | negenenzeventig |
80 | tacht-ig | 81 | éénentachtig | 89 | negenentachtig |
90 | negen-tig | 91 | éénennegentig | 99 | negenennegentig |
The first column of table (5) gives the names of the numerals that correspond to 10 to the power of 2, 3, 6, 9 and 12. Names for larger numbers do exist, but these are normally not found in colloquial speech. Numerals referring to multiples of these numbers are again compound-like and are normally formed by placing one of the numerals between 0 and 999 in front of the numeral in the first column of table (5). In the second and third column some examples are given.
102 | honderd | 2∙102 | tweehonderd | 12∙102 | twaalfhonderd |
103 | duizend | 2∙103 | tweeduizend | 500∙103 | vijfhonderdduizend |
106 | miljoen | 2∙106 | twee miljoen | 500∙106 | vijfhonderd miljoen |
109 | miljard | 2∙109 | twee miljard | 500∙109 | vijfhonderd miljard |
1012 | biljoen | 2∙1012 | twee biljoen | 500∙1012 | vijfhonderd biljoen |
Four additional remarks on the higher cardinal numerals in Example (5) are in order.
The majority of the numerals corresponding to the multiples of 100 between 1,000 and 10,000 can be realized in more than one ways. One option is to use a compound which takes -honderd as its second member: it seems that in speech this is the only option for the multiples of 100 between 1100 and 2000.
a. | elfhonderd | 1,100 |
f. | zestienhonderd | 1,600 |
b. | twaalfhonderd | 1,200 |
g. | zeventienhonderd | 1,700 |
c. | dertienhonderd | 1,300 |
h. | achttienhonderd | 1,800 |
d. | veertienhonderd | 1,400 |
i. | negentienhonderd | 1,900 |
e. | vijftienhonderd | 1,500 |
An alternative form is regularly used for multiples of 100 between 2,000 and 10,000, so that the regular forms in the primeless examples of (7) alternate with the forms in the primed examples.
a. | vijfentwintighonderd |
a'. | tweeduizend vijfhonderd | 2,500 |
b. | drieënveertighonderd |
b'. | vierduizend driehonderd | 4,300 |
c. | vierentachtighonderd |
c'. | achtduizend vierhonderd | 8,400 |
d. | tweeënnegentighonderd |
d'. | negenduizend tweehonderd | 9,2000 |
This does not hold, at least not in colloquial speech, for the numbers 2100, 3100, etc. These numbers are normally expressed by means of the regular compound with –honderd; using the forms in the primed examples of (8) is possible provided that the numeral één is included but it feels somewhat emphatic and artificial.
a. | éénentwintighonderd |
a'. | tweeduizend *(één) honderd | 2,100 |
b. | éénendertighonderd |
b'. | drieduizend *(één) honderd | 3,100 |
c. | éénenveertighonderd |
c'. | vierduizend *(één) honderd | 3,100 |
Compound forms with -honderd are never used for the multiples of 1000 in (9a-d). The same thing holds for numbers over 10,000. This is illustrated in (9e).
a. | duizend |
a'. | * | tienhonderd | 1,000 |
b. | tweeduizend |
b'. | * | twintighonderd | 2,000 |
c. | drieduizend |
c'. | * | dertighonderd | 3,000 |
d. | tienduizend |
d'. | * | honderdhonderd | 10,000 |
e. | tienduizend vijfhonderd |
e'. | * | honderdenvijfhonderd | 10,500 |
Occasionally, the first part of a compound-like form is a numeral higher than 1000, as in the primeless examples of (10). In these cases speakers tend to use yet another way of expressing the number, examples of which are given in the primed examples. This option is restricted to fairly round figures; for other cases see the examples in (13) below.
a. | twaalfhonderd duizend | |
twelve hundred thousand |
a'. | één komma twee miljoen | 1,200,000 | |
one comma two million |
b. | twaalfhonderd miljoen | |
twelve hundred million |
b'. | één komma twee miljard | 1,200,000,000 | |
one comma two billion |
c. | twaalfhonderd biljoen | |
twelve hundred billion |
c'. | één komma twee biljoen | 1,200,000,000,000 | |
one comma two quadrillion |
Of course, this way of expressing the numerals in (10) is related to the fact that in Dutch the comma is used to divide a whole number from a decimal portion instead of the period (as in English). Thus, één komma twee miljoen corresponds to one point two million in English.
The second and third columns of the table in (5) show that the orthographic conventions are somewhat complex: the compound-like forms derived from honderd'hundred' and duizend are treated as single words, whereas the complex forms based on miljoen, miljard and biljoen are written as two separate words. This may be related to the fact that the latter forms seem to have noun-like properties that are missing, or at least less prominent, in the case of honderd and duizend. Two of these properties are the ability to be preceded by the indefinite article een'a' and the ability of taking a modifier like half'half' or kwart'quarter'; this is shown in the primeless and singly-primed examples in (11). Still there is need for some caution: the doubly-primed examples show that all forms allow plural formation, which is also a nominal property, and a Google search revealed that the forms marked with a star do occur on the internet, especially with nouns indicating a measure unit like euro or kilometer.
a. | # | een honderd boeken |
a hundred books |
a'. | * | een half honderd boeken |
a half hundred books |
a''. | honderden boeken | |
hundreds [of] books |
b. | # | een duizend boeken |
a thousand books |
b'. | * | een half duizend boeken |
a half thousand books |
b''. | duizenden boeken | |
thousands [of] books |
c. | een miljoen boeken | |
a million books |
c'. | een half miljoen boeken | |
a half million books |
c''. | miljoenen boeken | |
millions [of] books |
d. | een miljard boeken | |
a billion books |
d'. | een half miljard boeken | |
a half billion books |
d''. | miljarden boeken | |
billions [of] books |
e. | een biljoen boeken | |
a quadrillion books |
e'. | een half biljoen boeken | |
a half quadrillion books |
e''. | biljoenen boeken | |
quadrillions [of] books |
The examples in (11a&b) are unacceptable on the intended reading but marked with a number sign because they are possible with an approximate reading “about a hundred/thousand books”. This reading is not relevant here, since in that case we are dealing with one of the spurious uses of the indefinite article; cf. Section 5.1.4.3, sub II. Note further that example (11b') involving duizend, contrasts sharply with examples like (12b&b'), which offers a third option in addition the (a)-examples in (7); this contrast does not show up in the case of honderd.
a. | * | anderhalf | honderd | boeken |
one.and.a.half | hundred | books |
a'. | * | tweeëneenhalf honderd boeken |
two.and.a.half hundred books |
b. | (?) | anderhalf | duizend | boeken |
one.and.a.half | thousand | books |
b'. | tweeëneenhalf duizend boeken | |
two.and.a.half thousand books |
c. | anderhalf | miljoen | boeken | |
one.and.a.half | million | books |
c'. | tweeëneenhalf miljoen boeken | |
two.and.a.half million books |
d. | anderhalf | miljard | boeken | |
one.and.a.half | billion | books |
d'. | tweeëneenhalf miljard boeken | |
two.and.a.half billion books |
e. | anderhalf | biljoen | boeken | |
one.and.a.half | quadrillion | books |
e'. | tweeëneenhalf biljoen boeken | |
two.and.a.half quadrillion books |
The remaining numerals are phrase-like in nature. The several subparts of the numeral are generally optionally conjoined by means of the conjunction en. Some examples are given in (13). Note that, in contrast to honderd and duizend, the elements miljoen and miljard are obligatorily preceded by the numeral één.
a. | honderd | (en) | vierentwintig | 124 | |
hundred | and | twenty.four |
b. | duizend | (en) | vierentwintig | 1,024 | |
thousand | and | twenty.four |
c. | één miljoen | (en) | tweeduizend | (en) | vierentwintig | 1,002,024 | |
one million | and | two.thousand | and | twenty.four |
d. | één miljard | (en) | drie miljoen | (en) | tweeduizend | (en) | vierentwintig | 1,003,002,024 | ||
one billion | and | three million | and | two.thousand | and | twenty.four |
- 2010Construction morphologyOxford/New YorkOxford University Press