
- Dutch
- Frisian
- Afrikaans
- Dutch
- Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Phonotactics
- Phonological processes
- Phonology-morphology interface
- Word stress
- Primary stress in simplex words
- Monomorphemic words
- Diachronic aspects
- Generalizations on stress placement
- Default penultimate stress
- Lexical stress
- The closed penult restriction
- Final closed syllables
- The diphthong restriction
- Superheavy syllables (SHS)
- The three-syllable window
- Segmental restrictions
- Phonetic correlates
- Stress shifts in loanwords
- Quantity-sensitivity
- Secondary stress
- Vowel reduction in unstressed syllables
- Stress in complex words
- Primary stress in simplex words
- Accent & intonation
- Clitics
- Spelling
- Morphology
- Word formation
- Compounding
- Nominal compounds
- Verbal compounds
- Adjectival compounds
- Affixoids
- Coordinative compounds
- Synthetic compounds
- Reduplicative compounds
- Phrase-based compounds
- Elative compounds
- Exocentric compounds
- Linking elements
- Separable complex verbs (SCVs)
- Gapping of complex words
- Particle verbs
- Copulative compounds
- Derivation
- Numerals
- Derivation: inputs and input restrictions
- The meaning of affixes
- Non-native morphology
- Cohering and non-cohering affixes
- Prefixation
- Suffixation
- Nominal suffixation: person nouns
- Conversion
- Pseudo-participles
- Bound forms
- Nouns
- Nominal prefixes
- Nominal suffixes
- -aal and -eel
- -aar
- -aard
- -aat
- -air
- -aris
- -ast
- Diminutives
- -dom
- -een
- -ees
- -el (nominal)
- -elaar
- -enis
- -er (nominal)
- -erd
- -erik
- -es
- -eur
- -euse
- ge...te
- -heid
- -iaan, -aan
- -ief
- -iek
- -ier
- -ier (French)
- -ière
- -iet
- -igheid
- -ij and allomorphs
- -ijn
- -in
- -ing
- -isme
- -ist
- -iteit
- -ling
- -oir
- -oot
- -rice
- -schap
- -schap (de)
- -schap (het)
- -sel
- -st
- -ster
- -t
- -tal
- -te
- -voud
- Verbs
- Adjectives
- Adverbs
- Univerbation
- Neo-classical word formation
- Construction-dependent morphology
- Morphological productivity
- Compounding
- Inflection
- Inflection and derivation
- Allomorphy
- The interface between phonology and morphology
- Word formation
- Syntax
- Preface and acknowledgements
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- 1 Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of verb phrases I:Argument structure
- 3 Projection of verb phrases II:Verb frame alternations
- Introduction
- 3.1. Main types
- 3.2. Alternations involving the external argument
- 3.3. Alternations of noun phrases and PPs
- 3.3.1. Dative/PP alternations (dative shift)
- 3.3.1.1. Dative alternation with aan-phrases (recipients)
- 3.3.1.2. Dative alternation with naar-phrases (goals)
- 3.3.1.3. Dative alternation with van-phrases (sources)
- 3.3.1.4. Dative alternation with bij-phrases (possessors)
- 3.3.1.5. Dative alternation with voor-phrases (benefactives)
- 3.3.1.6. Conclusion
- 3.3.1.7. Bibliographical notes
- 3.3.2. Accusative/PP alternations
- 3.3.3. Nominative/PP alternations
- 3.3.1. Dative/PP alternations (dative shift)
- 3.4. Some apparent cases of verb frame alternation
- 3.5. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of verb phrases IIIa:Selection of clauses/verb phrases
- 5 Projection of verb phrases IIIb:Argument and complementive clauses
- Introduction
- 5.1. Finite argument clauses
- 5.2. Infinitival argument clauses
- 5.3. Complementive clauses
- 6 Projection of verb phrases IIIc:Complements of non-main verbs
- 7 Projection of verb phrases IIId:Verb clusters
- 8 Projection of verb phrases IV: Adverbial modification
- 9 Word order in the clause I:General introduction
- 10 Word order in the clause II:Position of the finite verb (verb-first/second)
- 11 Word order in the clause III:Clause-initial position (wh-movement)
- Introduction
- 11.1. The formation of V1- and V2-clauses
- 11.2. Clause-initial position remains (phonetically) empty
- 11.3. Clause-initial position is filled
- 12 Word order in the clause IV:Postverbal field (extraposition)
- 13 Word order in the clause V: Middle field (scrambling)
- 14 Main-clause external elements
- Nouns and Noun Phrases
- 1 Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of noun phrases I: complementation
- Introduction
- 2.1. General observations
- 2.2. Prepositional and nominal complements
- 2.3. Clausal complements
- 2.4. Bibliographical notes
- 3 Projection of noun phrases II: modification
- Introduction
- 3.1. Restrictive and non-restrictive modifiers
- 3.2. Premodification
- 3.3. Postmodification
- 3.3.1. Adpositional phrases
- 3.3.2. Relative clauses
- 3.3.3. Infinitival clauses
- 3.3.4. A special case: clauses referring to a proposition
- 3.3.5. Adjectival phrases
- 3.3.6. Adverbial postmodification
- 3.4. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of noun phrases III: binominal constructions
- Introduction
- 4.1. Binominal constructions without a preposition
- 4.2. Binominal constructions with a preposition
- 4.3. Bibliographical notes
- 5 Determiners: articles and pronouns
- Introduction
- 5.1. Articles
- 5.2. Pronouns
- 5.3. Bibliographical notes
- 6 Numerals and quantifiers
- 7 Pre-determiners
- Introduction
- 7.1. The universal quantifier al 'all' and its alternants
- 7.2. The pre-determiner heel 'all/whole'
- 7.3. A note on focus particles
- 7.4. Bibliographical notes
- 8 Syntactic uses of noun phrases
- Adjectives and Adjective Phrases
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- 2 Projection of adjective phrases I: Complementation
- 3 Projection of adjective phrases II: Modification
- 4 Projection of adjective phrases III: Comparison
- 5 Attributive use of the adjective phrase
- 6 Predicative use of the adjective phrase
- 7 The partitive genitive construction
- 8 Adverbial use of the adjective phrase
- 9 Participles and infinitives: their adjectival use
- 10 Special constructions
- Adpositions and adpositional phrases
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- Introduction
- 1.1. Characterization of the category adposition
- 1.2. A formal classification of adpositional phrases
- 1.3. A semantic classification of adpositional phrases
- 1.3.1. Spatial adpositions
- 1.3.2. Temporal adpositions
- 1.3.3. Non-spatial/temporal prepositions
- 1.4. Borderline cases
- 1.5. Bibliographical notes
- 2 Projection of adpositional phrases: Complementation
- 3 Projection of adpositional phrases: Modification
- 4 Syntactic uses of the adpositional phrase
- 5 R-pronominalization and R-words
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- Phonology
- Frisian
- General
- Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Phonotactics
- Phonological Processes
- Assimilation
- Vowel nasalization
- Syllabic sonorants
- Final devoicing
- Fake geminates
- Vowel hiatus resolution
- Vowel reduction introduction
- Schwa deletion
- Schwa insertion
- /r/-deletion
- d-insertion
- {s/z}-insertion
- t-deletion
- Intrusive stop formation
- Breaking
- Vowel shortening
- h-deletion
- Replacement of the glide w
- Word stress
- Clitics
- Allomorphy
- Orthography of Frisian
- Morphology
- Inflection
- Word formation
- Derivation
- Prefixation
- Infixation
- Suffixation
- Nominal suffixes
- Verbal suffixes
- Adjectival suffixes
- Adverbial suffixes
- Numeral suffixes
- Interjectional suffixes
- Onomastic suffixes
- Conversion
- Derivation
- Syntax
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Unergative and unaccusative subjects
- Evidentiality
- To-infinitival clauses
- Predication and noun incorporation
- Ellipsis
- Imperativus-pro-Infinitivo
- Expression of irrealis
- Embedded Verb Second
- Agreement
- Negation
- Nouns & Noun Phrases
- Classification
- Complementation
- Modification
- Partitive noun constructions
- Referential partitive constructions
- Partitive measure nouns
- Numeral partitive constructions
- Partitive question constructions
- Nominalised quantifiers
- Kind partitives
- Partitive predication with prepositions
- Bare nominal attributions
- Articles and names
- Pronouns
- Quantifiers and (pre)determiners
- Interrogative pronouns
- R-pronouns
- Syntactic uses
- Adjective Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification and degree quantification
- Comparison by degree
- Comparative
- Superlative
- Equative
- Attribution
- Agreement
- Attributive adjectives vs. prenominal elements
- Complex adjectives
- Noun ellipsis
- Co-occurring adjectives
- Predication
- Partitive adjective constructions
- Adverbial use
- Participles and infinitives
- Adposition Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification
- Intransitive adpositions
- Predication
- Preposition stranding
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- Afrikaans
- General
- Phonology
- Afrikaans phonology
- Segment inventory
- Overview of Afrikaans vowels
- The diphthongised long vowels /e/, /ø/ and /o/
- The unrounded mid-front vowel /ɛ/
- The unrounded low-central vowel /ɑ/
- The unrounded low-central vowel /a/
- The rounded mid-high back vowel /ɔ/
- The rounded high back vowel /u/
- The rounded and unrounded high front vowels /i/ and /y/
- The unrounded and rounded central vowels /ə/ and /œ/
- The diphthongs /əi/, /œy/ and /œu/
- Overview of Afrikaans consonants
- The bilabial plosives /p/ and /b/
- The alveolar plosives /t/ and /d/
- The velar plosives /k/ and /g/
- The bilabial nasal /m/
- The alveolar nasal /n/
- The velar nasal /ŋ/
- The trill /r/
- The lateral liquid /l/
- The alveolar fricative /s/
- The velar fricative /x/
- The labiodental fricatives /f/ and /v/
- The approximants /ɦ/, /j/ and /ʋ/
- Overview of Afrikaans vowels
- Word stress
- The phonetic properties of stress
- Primary stress on monomorphemic words in Afrikaans
- Background to primary stress in monomorphemes in Afrikaans
- Overview of the Main Stress Rule of Afrikaans
- The short vowels of Afrikaans
- Long vowels in monomorphemes
- Primary stress on diphthongs in monomorphemes
- Exceptions
- Stress shifts in place names
- Stress shift towards word-final position
- Stress pattern of reduplications
- Phonological processes
- Vowel related processes
- Consonant related processes
- Homorganic glide insertion
- Phonology-morphology interface
- Phonotactics
- Morphology
- Syntax
- Afrikaans syntax
- Nouns and noun phrases
- Characteristics of the NP
- Classification of nouns
- Complementation of NPs
- Modification of NPs
- Binominal and partitive constructions
- Referential partitive constructions
- Partitive measure nouns
- Numeral partitive constructions
- Partitive question constructions
- Partitive constructions with nominalised quantifiers
- Partitive predication with prepositions
- Binominal name constructions
- Binominal genitive constructions
- Bare nominal attribution
- Articles and names
- Pronouns
- Quantifiers, determiners and predeterminers
- Syntactic uses of the noun phrase
- Adjectives and adjective phrases
- Characteristics and classification of the AP
- Complementation of APs
- Modification and Degree Quantification of APs
- Comparison by comparative, superlative and equative degree
- Attribution of APs
- Predication of APs
- The partitive adjective construction
- Adverbial use of APs
- Participles and infinitives as adjectives
- Verbs and verb phrases
- Characterisation and classification
- Argument structure
- Verb frame alternations
- Complements of non-main verbs
- Verb clusters
- Complement clauses
- Adverbial modification
- Word order in the clause: Introduction
- Word order in the clause: position of the finite Verb
- Word order in the clause: Clause-initial position
- Word order in the clause: Extraposition and right-dislocation in the postverbal field
- Word order in the middle field
- Emphatic constructions
- Adpositions and adposition phrases
Quantifiers are used to delimit a noun in a NP in terms of an indefinite amount or number (Van Rooy 2017:264). Some quantifiers indicate a whole group or collection, such as alle all (1a), others indicate a large or small amount or number, such as baie much/many (1b), and there are also negative quantifiers, such as nie veel … nie not much/many (1c). Quantifiers take the position before adjectives (if there are any) in the NP, and occasionally articles would precede them (see 3a-3d, 6b, and 6h below).
a. | Om 14:00 moet alle leerders op die pawiljoen sit. | ||||||||||||||
at 14:00 must.AUX.MOD all learners on the pavilion sit | |||||||||||||||
At 14:00 all learners should be seated on the pavilion. | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO |
b. | Nou skenk baie mense aandag. | ||||||||||||||
now give many people attention | |||||||||||||||
Now many people pay attention. | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO |
c. | Hy het nie veel tyd oor nie. | ||||||||||||||
he have.PRS not much time over PTCL.NEG | |||||||||||||||
He does not have a lot of time left. | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO, adapted |
Absolute quantifiers are those that indicate "all" or "nothing" – either the whole of a group, collection, item and such, or none of it. The quantifier alle all are used for count and mass nouns, and elke each only for count nouns. Example (2a) illustrates the use of both of these. The noun in a NP with a quantifier can still be modified with an adjective as well, as can be seen in (2b). The quantifier alle is used in a number of fixed expressions, as shown in (2c-2g).
a. | Alle laerskoolleerlinge moet elke skooldag by die skool wees... | ||||||||||||||
all primary.school.learners must.AUX.MOD each school.day at the school be.INF | |||||||||||||||
All primary school learners should be at school every shool day... | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO |
b. | ...van oormôre af elke tweede aand... | ||||||||||||||
from over.tomorrow of every second evening | |||||||||||||||
...from the day after tomorrow every second evening... | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO |
c. | in alle eerlikheid | ||||||||||||||
in all honesty | |||||||||||||||
in all honesty | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO |
d. | in alle erns | ||||||||||||||
in all seriousness | |||||||||||||||
in earnest | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO |
e. | met alle mag | ||||||||||||||
with all power | |||||||||||||||
by hook or by crook | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO |
f. | ten alle tye | ||||||||||||||
at.the all times | |||||||||||||||
at all times | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO |
g. | ten alle koste | ||||||||||||||
at.the all cost | |||||||||||||||
at all cost | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO |
Different from in Dutch, the term heel whole is only used attributively (hele) as a quantifier, following an article and preceding the adjective and noun. When the referent is known or definite, the definite article is used (3a-3b), and when it is indefinite, the indefinite article is used (3c-3d). There are some compounds without the attributive morpheme, such as heeldag whole+day, used on its own as an adverb (3e) or with a definite article (3f).
a. | 'n Paar eenvoudige bestanddele kan steeds 'n perfekte ontbyt wees – sommer vir die hele gesin. | ||||||||||||||
a couple simple ingredients can still a perfect breakfast be.INF just for the whole family | |||||||||||||||
A few simple ingredients can still be a perfect breakfast – even for the whole family. | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO, adapted |
b. | 'n Paar tekens word gegee en toe kom die hele Arabiese leër in beweging. | ||||||||||||||
a couple signs be.AUX.PASS.PRS give.PASS and then come the whole Arabic army in movement | |||||||||||||||
A few sings are given and the whole Arabic army comes to life. | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO |
c. | 'n Traan omdat 'n hele samelewing blind is vir hulle unieke skoonheid... | ||||||||||||||
a tear because a whole society blind be.PRS for their unique beauty | |||||||||||||||
A tear, because a whole society is blind for their unique beauty. | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO |
d. | Of die Mosambiekse trauma van Angelina sou ook alternatiewelik 'n hele aparte roman kon maak, saam met haar latere lewe. | ||||||||||||||
or the Mozambique trauma of Angelina want.to.AUX.MOD.PRT also alternatively a whole separate novel can.AUX.MOD.PRT make together with her later life | |||||||||||||||
Or the Mozambique trauma of Angelina could also, alternatively, make a whole separate novel, with her later life. | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO |
e. | Nou wat doen jy heeldag langs die rivier? | ||||||||||||||
now that.REL do you.SG whole.day beside the river | |||||||||||||||
Now what are you doing at the river the whole day? | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO |
f. | Ons kan die heeldag hier bly. | ||||||||||||||
we can.AUX.MOD the whole.day here stay | |||||||||||||||
We can stay here the whole day. | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO |
To express "none" or negative absolute quantification, the indefinite pronoun niks nothing is used, apart from the negative article geen no (see The negative article). As a quantifier, niks can be used with count nouns (4a) and others (4b-4d), and is accompanied by a clause final negative particle nie. In (4c), niks is used in combination with the indefinite quantifier min little/few to indicate min of niks little or no.
a. | Ek het bio oil gebruik en het niks rekmerke gekry nie! | ||||||||||||||
I have.AUX bio oil use.PST and have.AUX nothing stretchmarks get.PST PTCL.NEG | |||||||||||||||
I used bio oil and did not get any stretchmarks! | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO |
b. | Om die rol van Venus te vertolk, het jy nie eintlik klere nodig nie – om die waarheid te sê, jy't niks klere nodig nie! | ||||||||||||||
for.COMP the role of Venus PTCL.INF play.INF have.PRS you.SG not really clothes need PTCL.NEG for.COMP the truth PTCL.INF say.INF you.SG.have nothing clothes need PTCL.NEG | |||||||||||||||
To play the role of Venus, you do not need a lot of clothes – in fact, you don't need any clothes! | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO, adapted |
c. | Ons vra doelbewus nie hekgelde nie, sodat diegene wat min of niks geld het nie, darem ook die vertonings kan kom geniet. | ||||||||||||||
we ask deliberately not gate.fees PTCL.NEG so.that those that.REL little or nothing money have PTCL.NEG at.least also the shows can come enjoy | |||||||||||||||
We deliberately do not charge entry fees so that people with little or no money can at least also come and enjoy the performances. | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO |
d. | Robert du Preez het niks ondervinding nie. | ||||||||||||||
Robert du Preez have nothing experience PTCL.NEG | |||||||||||||||
Robert du Preez has no experience. | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO |
There is a number of indefinite quantifiers in Afrikaans, and these are used to signify different nuances in meaning. A widely used pair is baie much/many (5a) and min little/few (5b), both of which can be used for count nouns (example 1b) and others (as in 5). The negative counterpart is nie veel not much/many (5c), accompanied by a clause final negative particle. While veel is typically only used in negative constructions, baie can be used both positively (5a) and negatively (5d). Occasionally, the quantifier menige many is used similarly to baie, but with a singular noun form (5e). The quantifier heelwat a lot is also used with both count and other nouns (5f).
a. | Nou lê nog baie werk voor. | ||||||||||||||
now lie still much work ahead | |||||||||||||||
Now a lot of work still lies ahead. | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO, adapted |
b. | 'n Terrarium het dus min aandag nodig. | ||||||||||||||
a terrarium have.PRS then little attention need | |||||||||||||||
A terrarium needs little attention. | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO |
c. | Ongelukkig het hierdie spesifieke boot ronde kante gehad en nie veel plek vir vashou nie. | ||||||||||||||
unfortunately have.AUX this specific boat round sides have.PST and not much place for holding PTCL.NEG | |||||||||||||||
Unfortunately this specific boat had round sides and not much room to hold onto. | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO |
d. | Om 'n boog in te skiet vat nie baie tyd nie. | ||||||||||||||
for.COMP a bow in PTCL.INF shoot.INF take not much time PTCL.NEG | |||||||||||||||
To shoot in a bow does not take much time. | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO |
e. | En Wynie het menige wedstryd, as reserwe, van die kantlyn af dopgehou. | ||||||||||||||
and Wynie have.AUX many match as reserve from the sideline off watch.PST | |||||||||||||||
And Wynie watched many matches from the sideline, as reserve. | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO, adapted |
f. | Ek het heelwat ondervinding opgebou. | ||||||||||||||
I have.AUX lots experience up.build.PST | |||||||||||||||
I gained a lot of experience. | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO, adapted |
Many indefinite quantifiers are almost exclusively used with count nouns, such as those in (6). As the other quantifiers, they precede adjectives (as in 6a, 6d, 6e, and 6h) if these are present and then nouns, and some of these are used with an article, such as klomp lots (6b) and paar couple (6h).
a. | Nou kan verskeie hoogs ontwikkelde lande nie hierdie skuld betaal nie. | ||||||||||||||
now can.AUX.MOD various highly developed countries not this debt pay PTCL.NEG | |||||||||||||||
Now various highly developed countries cannot pay this debt. | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO, adapted |
b. | Of dink jy dit was sommer 'n klomp liegstories wat jy op skool geleer is. | ||||||||||||||
or think you.SG it be.PRT just a lot lie.stories that you.SG on school learn.PASS be.AUX.PASS.PST | |||||||||||||||
Or do you think it is just a bunch of lies that you learned in school. | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO |
c. | 'n Trust kan in sommige gevalle baie nuttig wees. | ||||||||||||||
a trust can.AUX.MOD in some cases very useful be.INF | |||||||||||||||
A trust can be very useful in some cases. | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO |
d. | Nuwe modifiserings kombineer verskillende insekweerstandige en onkruiddoderverdraagsame kenmerke om aan die produsent meer opsies in gewasbestuur te bied. | ||||||||||||||
new modifications combine different insect.resistent and weed.killer.tolerant characteristics for.COMP to the producer more options in crop.management PTCL.INF offer.INF | |||||||||||||||
New modifications combine different insect resistent and pesticide tolerant characteristics to offer producers more options in crop management. | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO, adapted |
e. | Nou nog enkele gedenkwaardige dinge. | ||||||||||||||
now still single memorable things | |||||||||||||||
Now a few memorable things. | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO, adapted |
f. | Party oggende het Ego sy ore hoor suis. | ||||||||||||||
some mornings have.AUX Ego his ears hear whistle | |||||||||||||||
Some mornings Ego heard his ears whistle. | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO |
g. | Nou wonder ek of daar enige verskaffers is wat goodies verkoop vir ouens soos ek? | ||||||||||||||
now wonder I if there any supplier be.PRS that.REL goodies sell to guys like I | |||||||||||||||
Now I wonder of there are any suppliers that sell goodies to guys like me? | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO |
h. | Nou 'n paar makliker games. | ||||||||||||||
now a couple easier games | |||||||||||||||
Now a few easier games. | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO, adapted |
- Van Rooy, B2017Kontemporêre Afrikaanse taalkunde [Contemporary Afrikaans linguistics]Afrikaanse sintaksis, funksioneel benader [Afrikaans syntax, functionally approached]Van Schaik Uitgewers251-297
