/ instituut voor de Nederlandse taal / Taalportaal
bibliography glossary about
  • Dutch1
  • Frisian
  • Saterfrisian
  • Afrikaans
Show all
    -ste (superlative)
    quickinfo

    A few Frisian prepositions may be extended by the superlative suffix, i.e. -ste. In this way, these prepositions turn into an adjective, which has the syntactic restriction that it may only be used attributively. Semantically, such formations may only occur with specific reference. A further property is that they are typically used in oppositions. Examples are boppeste tosken upper teeth versus ûnderste tosken lower teeth, or it foarste tsjil the front wheel versus it efterste tsjil the back wheel.

    readmore
    [+]General properties

    A few prepositions (adpositions) can be turned into an adjective by way of the superlative suffix. These are:

    Table 1
    Base form Derivation
    boppe above boppeste upper
    ûnder under ûnderste under
    foar before foarste foremost
    efter after efterste last
    binnen inside binnenste inner
    bûten outside bûtenste outer

    Actually, it is rather strange for the comparative suffix to be added to a preposition, since the comparative is usually restricted to adjectives or adverbs. In fact, it can be thought that it is rather the adverbial use of these adpositions that is suffixed here. The adpositions involved all denote a spatial position, more specifically in an opposition to one of the other derivations in this field. In addition, there is the formation middelste middlemost, which must have been derived from the particle middel-, which only occurs as the first element of compounds, and is related to midden middle.

    The adjectives formed in this way are mainly restricted to attributive use:

    1
    a. De boppeste tonne
    the above-SUPL buoy
    The most windward buoy
    b. *Dy tonne waard boppeste
    that buoy became above-SUPL
    That buoy became the most windward one
    2
    a. It foarste tsjil
    the for-SUPL wheel
    The front wheel
    b. *Dit tsjil is foarste
    this wheel is for-SUPL
    This is the front wheel

    An exception is the idiomatical use in sailing races, as in

    3
    Ulbe Zwaga is/leit no boppest(e)
    Ulbe Zwaga is/lays now above-SUPL
    Ulbe Zaga is now in the most windward position
    [+]Syntactic and semantic restrictions

    In practice, these formations usually entail an opposition: 'before' versus 'after', 'above' versus 'under', 'inner' versus 'outer'. The form middelste middle can be seen as expressing an intermediate position between these extremes. It is striking that exclusive concepts are involved, for instance wheels of a bicycle (either front or back, in it foarste / efterste tsjil the front wheel / the back wheel), lips (upper or under, in de boppeste / ûnderste tosken the upper teeth / the under teeth) or tracks (inner or outer, in de binnenste / bûtenste baan the inner track / the outer track). There are no positions in between on the scale. That may also be the reason that the comparative form is not appropriate here, i.e. *de boppe-r-e laach the above-COMP-INFL layer the layer more situated to the top.

    extra
    Comparison with Dutch and German

    Dutch also has these superlative forms, but then only in real superlative applications, and not for situations with an opposition. Thus Dutch de bovenste verdieping the above-SUPL floor the upper floor can be used for a building which is ten floors high, a use which is also possible in Frisian. If, however, there are only two floors, Dutch will use a compound, i.e. de boven-verdieping the above-floor the upper / top floor. In Frisian, the superlative will likewise be invoked in such a case: de boppeste ferdjipping.

    Note that German uses the comparative form instead of the superlative, for example in die obere / mittlere / untere Schicht the upper / middle / lower level.

    There is a semantic property that restricts these formations further: they can only have a specific reference, and cannot refer to a kind. Compare the following sentences:

    4
    a. Der sit in slach yn it efterste tsjil
    there sits a turn in the after-SUPL wheel
    The back wheel of my bike is buckled
    b. *Yn it fytsfabryk moatte no earst nije efterste tsjillen assemblearre wurde
    in the bicycle-factory must now first new after-SUPL wheels assembled be
    Firstly, new back wheels should be assembled in the bicycle factory

    To refer to a specific kind of wheels, Frisian takes recourse to a compound, in this case eftertsjillen after-wheel-PL back wheels. It should be noted, however, that this use of superlative forms of prepositions with a specific reference is diminishing nowadays, under the influence of Dutch.

    extra
    Literature

    For a general description, see Hoekstra (1986). Special attention to the specific reference of these formations is paid in Hoekstra (1998:47-48) and in Hoekstra (2002:247-248).

    References
    • Hoekstra, Jarich1986In boppeste tosk troch de ûnderste lippeFriesch Dagblad1-11Taalsnipels 7
    • Hoekstra, Jarich1998Fryske wurdfoarmingLjouwertFryske Akademy
    • Hoekstra, Jarich2002Genitive Compounds in Frisian as Lexical PhrasesThe Journal of Comparative Germanic Linguistics6227-259
    About this article
    Author(s): Siebren Dyk
    Category: Frisian Morphology
    Keywords: prepositionadjectivesuperlativeattributive
    Version: 1.0, April 2016
    Version history:
    version editor(s) date remarks
    1.0 Siebren Dyk April 2016
    printreport errorcite
    Jump to:
    X