- Dutch
- Frisian
- Afrikaans
- Dutch
- Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Phonotactics
- Phonological processes
- Phonology-morphology interface
- Word stress
- Primary stress in simplex words
- Monomorphemic words
- Diachronic aspects
- Generalizations on stress placement
- Default penultimate stress
- Lexical stress
- The closed penult restriction
- Final closed syllables
- The diphthong restriction
- Superheavy syllables (SHS)
- The three-syllable window
- Segmental restrictions
- Phonetic correlates
- Stress shifts in loanwords
- Quantity-sensitivity
- Secondary stress
- Vowel reduction in unstressed syllables
- Stress in complex words
- Primary stress in simplex words
- Accent & intonation
- Clitics
- Spelling
- Morphology
- Word formation
- Compounding
- Nominal compounds
- Verbal compounds
- Adjectival compounds
- Affixoids
- Coordinative compounds
- Synthetic compounds
- Reduplicative compounds
- Phrase-based compounds
- Elative compounds
- Exocentric compounds
- Linking elements
- Separable complex verbs (SCVs)
- Gapping of complex words
- Particle verbs
- Copulative compounds
- Derivation
- Numerals
- Derivation: inputs and input restrictions
- The meaning of affixes
- Non-native morphology
- Cohering and non-cohering affixes
- Prefixation
- Suffixation
- Nominal suffixation: person nouns
- Conversion
- Pseudo-participles
- Bound forms
- Nouns
- Nominal prefixes
- Nominal suffixes
- -aal and -eel
- -aar
- -aard
- -aat
- -air
- -aris
- -ast
- Diminutives
- -dom
- -een
- -ees
- -el (nominal)
- -elaar
- -enis
- -er (nominal)
- -erd
- -erik
- -es
- -eur
- -euse
- ge...te
- -heid
- -iaan, -aan
- -ief
- -iek
- -ier
- -ier (French)
- -ière
- -iet
- -igheid
- -ij and allomorphs
- -ijn
- -in
- -ing
- -isme
- -ist
- -iteit
- -ling
- -oir
- -oot
- -rice
- -schap
- -schap (de)
- -schap (het)
- -sel
- -st
- -ster
- -t
- -tal
- -te
- -voud
- Verbs
- Adjectives
- Adverbs
- Univerbation
- Neo-classical word formation
- Construction-dependent morphology
- Morphological productivity
- Compounding
- Inflection
- Inflection and derivation
- Allomorphy
- The interface between phonology and morphology
- Word formation
- Syntax
- Preface and acknowledgements
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- 1 Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of verb phrases I:Argument structure
- 3 Projection of verb phrases II:Verb frame alternations
- Introduction
- 3.1. Main types
- 3.2. Alternations involving the external argument
- 3.3. Alternations of noun phrases and PPs
- 3.3.1. Dative/PP alternations (dative shift)
- 3.3.1.1. Dative alternation with aan-phrases (recipients)
- 3.3.1.2. Dative alternation with naar-phrases (goals)
- 3.3.1.3. Dative alternation with van-phrases (sources)
- 3.3.1.4. Dative alternation with bij-phrases (possessors)
- 3.3.1.5. Dative alternation with voor-phrases (benefactives)
- 3.3.1.6. Conclusion
- 3.3.1.7. Bibliographical notes
- 3.3.2. Accusative/PP alternations
- 3.3.3. Nominative/PP alternations
- 3.3.1. Dative/PP alternations (dative shift)
- 3.4. Some apparent cases of verb frame alternation
- 3.5. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of verb phrases IIIa:Selection of clauses/verb phrases
- 5 Projection of verb phrases IIIb:Argument and complementive clauses
- Introduction
- 5.1. Finite argument clauses
- 5.2. Infinitival argument clauses
- 5.3. Complementive clauses
- 6 Projection of verb phrases IIIc:Complements of non-main verbs
- 7 Projection of verb phrases IIId:Verb clusters
- 8 Projection of verb phrases IV: Adverbial modification
- 9 Word order in the clause I:General introduction
- 10 Word order in the clause II:Position of the finite verb (verb-first/second)
- 11 Word order in the clause III:Clause-initial position (wh-movement)
- Introduction
- 11.1. The formation of V1- and V2-clauses
- 11.2. Clause-initial position remains (phonetically) empty
- 11.3. Clause-initial position is filled
- 12 Word order in the clause IV:Postverbal field (extraposition)
- 13 Word order in the clause V: Middle field (scrambling)
- 14 Main-clause external elements
- Nouns and Noun Phrases
- 1 Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of noun phrases I: complementation
- Introduction
- 2.1. General observations
- 2.2. Prepositional and nominal complements
- 2.3. Clausal complements
- 2.4. Bibliographical notes
- 3 Projection of noun phrases II: modification
- Introduction
- 3.1. Restrictive and non-restrictive modifiers
- 3.2. Premodification
- 3.3. Postmodification
- 3.3.1. Adpositional phrases
- 3.3.2. Relative clauses
- 3.3.3. Infinitival clauses
- 3.3.4. A special case: clauses referring to a proposition
- 3.3.5. Adjectival phrases
- 3.3.6. Adverbial postmodification
- 3.4. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of noun phrases III: binominal constructions
- Introduction
- 4.1. Binominal constructions without a preposition
- 4.2. Binominal constructions with a preposition
- 4.3. Bibliographical notes
- 5 Determiners: articles and pronouns
- Introduction
- 5.1. Articles
- 5.2. Pronouns
- 5.3. Bibliographical notes
- 6 Numerals and quantifiers
- 7 Pre-determiners
- Introduction
- 7.1. The universal quantifier al 'all' and its alternants
- 7.2. The pre-determiner heel 'all/whole'
- 7.3. A note on focus particles
- 7.4. Bibliographical notes
- 8 Syntactic uses of noun phrases
- Adjectives and Adjective Phrases
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- 2 Projection of adjective phrases I: Complementation
- 3 Projection of adjective phrases II: Modification
- 4 Projection of adjective phrases III: Comparison
- 5 Attributive use of the adjective phrase
- 6 Predicative use of the adjective phrase
- 7 The partitive genitive construction
- 8 Adverbial use of the adjective phrase
- 9 Participles and infinitives: their adjectival use
- 10 Special constructions
- Adpositions and adpositional phrases
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- Introduction
- 1.1. Characterization of the category adposition
- 1.2. A formal classification of adpositional phrases
- 1.3. A semantic classification of adpositional phrases
- 1.3.1. Spatial adpositions
- 1.3.2. Temporal adpositions
- 1.3.3. Non-spatial/temporal prepositions
- 1.4. Borderline cases
- 1.5. Bibliographical notes
- 2 Projection of adpositional phrases: Complementation
- 3 Projection of adpositional phrases: Modification
- 4 Syntactic uses of the adpositional phrase
- 5 R-pronominalization and R-words
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- Phonology
- Frisian
- Introduction to Frisian
- Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Phonotactics
- Phonological Processes
- Assimilation
- Vowel nasalization
- Syllabic sonorants
- Final devoicing
- Fake geminates
- Vowel hiatus resolution
- Vowel reduction introduction
- Schwa deletion
- Schwa insertion
- /r/-deletion
- d-insertion
- {s/z}-insertion
- t-deletion
- Intrusive stop formation
- Breaking
- Vowel shortening
- h-deletion
- Replacement of the glide w
- Word stress
- Clitics
- Allomorphy
- Orthography of Frisian
- Morphology
- Inflection
- Word formation
- Derivation
- Prefixation
- Infixation
- Suffixation
- Nominal suffixes
- Verbal suffixes
- Adjectival suffixes
- Adverbial suffixes
- Numeral suffixes
- Interjectional suffixes
- Onomastic suffixes
- Conversion
- Derivation
- Syntax
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Unergative and unaccusative subjects
- Evidentiality
- To-infinitival clauses
- Predication and noun incorporation
- Ellipsis
- Imperativus-pro-Infinitivo
- Expression of irrealis
- Embedded Verb Second
- Agreement
- Negation
- Nouns & Noun Phrases
- Classification
- Complementation
- Modification
- Partitive noun constructions
- Referential partitive constructions
- Partitive measure nouns
- Numeral partitive constructions
- Partitive question constructions
- Nominalised quantifiers
- Kind partitives
- Partitive predication with prepositions
- Bare nominal attributions
- Articles and names
- Pronouns
- Quantifiers and (pre)determiners
- Interrogative pronouns
- R-pronouns
- Syntactic uses
- Adjective Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification and degree quantification
- Comparison by degree
- Comparative
- Superlative
- Equative
- Attribution
- Agreement
- Attributive adjectives vs. prenominal elements
- Complex adjectives
- Noun ellipsis
- Co-occurring adjectives
- Predication
- Partitive adjective constructions
- Adverbial use
- Participles and infinitives
- Adposition Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification
- Intransitive adpositions
- Predication
- Preposition stranding
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- Afrikaans
- Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Overview of Afrikaans vowels
- The rounded and unrounded high front vowels /i/ and /y/
- The diphthongised long vowels /e/, /ø/ and /o/
- The unrounded mid-front vowel /ɛ/
- The unrounded low-central vowel /ɑ/
- The unrounded low-central vowel /a/
- The rounded mid-high back vowel /ɔ/
- The rounded high back vowel /u/
- The unrounded and rounded central vowels /ə/ and /œ/
- The diphthongs /əi/, /œy/ and /œu/
- Overview of Afrikaans Consonants
- The bilabial plosives /p/ and /b/
- The alveolar plosives /t/ and /d/
- The velar plosives /k/ and /g/
- The bilabial nasal /m/
- The alveolar nasal /n/
- The velar nasal /ŋ/
- The trill /r/
- The lateral liquid /l/
- The labiodental fricatives /f/ and /v/
- The alveolar fricatives /s/ and /z/
- The velar fricative /x/
- The approximants /ɦ/, /j/ and /ʋ/
- Overview of Afrikaans vowels
- Word stress
- The phonetic properties of stress
- Primary stress on monomorphemic words in Afrikaans
- Background to primary stress in monomorphemes in Afrikaans
- Overview of the Main Stress Rule of Afrikaans
- The short vowels of Afrikaans
- Long vowels in monomorphemes
- Primary stress on diphthongs in monomorphemes
- Exceptions
- Stress shifts in place names
- Stress shift towards word-final position
- Stress pattern of reduplications
- Phonological Processes
- Phonotactics
- Segment inventory
- Morphology
- Syntax
- Introduction to Noun Phrases
- Introduction to Adjective Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification and degree quantification
- Comparison by comparative, superlative and equative degree
- Attribution
- Predication
- The partitive adjective construction
- Adverbial use
- Participles and infinitives as adjectives
- Introduction to Verb Phrases
- Phonology
-iaan/i'ja:n/ and -aan/'a:n/ are stress-bearing non-native cohering suffixes forming nouns. Three subtypes can be distinguished on semantic grounds: there are male person's names of common gender based on proper names such as HegeliaanHegelian (< Hegel) and mohammedaanmuslim (Mohammed), there are inhabitant names of common gender based on geographical names such as AmerikaanAmerikaan, and there is the chemical use saturated hydrocarbon in formations like ethaanethane, C2H6 which are mass nouns of neuter gender.
-iaan/i'ja:n/ and -aan/'a:n/ are stress-bearing non-native cohering suffixes forming nouns. De Haas and Trommelen (1993: 193 ff) distinguish three subtypes:
- There is a group of person's names of common gender, taking the definite singular article de, in -iaan or -aan. Two subgroups can be distinguished:
- The suffix is -iaan in words such as Heideggeriaan that are based on family names. The meaning is (male) supporter or follower of the base, the proces is productive: new forms such as Bieberiaanfan of youth idol Justin Bieber are attested. Rarely one finds feminine forms constructed with the suffix -e (e.g. multatulianefemale follower of (writer) Multatuli (Eduard Douwes Dekker, 1820-1887)).
- The suffix is -aan in words of common gender such as franciscaanfranciscan and brahmaanbrahman that are based on first names (Franciscus and Brahma, respectively). The meaning is (male) supporter or follower of the base, member of a religious order, adherent of a confession; new forms are very rare. Feminine forms are by means of the suffix -es in the case of Christian religious orders (franciscanes), otherwise in -se, as in mohammedaansefemale muslim, probably a nominalization of the pertinent adjective mohammedaansmuslim.
[hide extra information]x
De Haas and Trommelen (1993: 194) point out that final schwa in the base is deleted: Thorbeckiaan < Thorbecke, Reviaan < Reve; this follows from the general rule of pre-vocalic schwa deletion. Occasionally, other parts of the base name are deleted: Aristoteliaan < AristotelesAristotle, Arminiaan < Arminius, Lubberiaan < Lubbers, Franciscaan < FranciscusSt. Francis. They point at formations such as anglicaan, parochiaan, diocesaan, kapelaanAnglican, parishioner, diocessan, chaplain that may or may not be formed with the same suffix. The flower name gentiaangentian is a loan from Latin (Etymologiebank).
- The suffix -aan is quite common in deriving geographical person names of common gender, especially if the base name ends in -a, which gets deleted (Amerikaan < Amerika, Bogotaan < Bogotá, indiaanindian < India) or ië, where we get pre-vocalic schwa deletion (Venetiaansomeone from Venice < VenetiëVenice, Brazilian < BraziliëBrazil). In general, however, the choice of the geographical suffix is unpredictable. Feminine counterparts are formed by means of the suffix -se: Amerikaanse, Bogotaanse.
[hide extra information]x
An alternative analysis of the feminine forms Amerikaanse, Bogotaanse is as nominalizations of the pertinent adjective, which is quite common in the case of female inhabitant names.
- There is another use of -aan (never -iaan) in names of chemical compounds like ethaanethane, C2H6 and isopentaanisopentane, 2-methylbutane, C5H12, which are mass nouns of neuter gender. The suffix's meaning contribution is saturated straight-chain hydrocarbon (Affixes.org). Plurals are in -en, but rare.
- Haas, Wim de & Trommelen, Mieke1993Morfologisch handboek van het Nederlands. Een overzicht van de woordvormingSDU Uitgeverij
- Haas, Wim de & Trommelen, Mieke1993Morfologisch handboek van het Nederlands. Een overzicht van de woordvormingSDU Uitgeverij
- Dutch
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- Stem allomorphy
[60%] Dutch > Phonology > Phonology-morphology interface > Allomorphy
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[59%] Dutch > Phonology > Spelling
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[58%] Dutch > Phonology > Accent & intonation
- Acoustic correlates of stress
[58%] Dutch > Phonology > Accent & intonation
- Non-segmental information in Dutch orthography
[58%] Dutch > Phonology > Spelling
- /{s/z}/-insertion between /{t/d}/ and /jə/
[63%] Frisian > Phonology > Phonological Processes
- /d/-insertion in the sequences /nər/, /lər/, and /rər/
[62%] Frisian > Phonology > Phonological Processes
- The phonological domain of Final Devoicing
[61%] Frisian > Phonology > Phonological Processes > Final devoicing
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[61%] Frisian > Phonology > Orthography of Frisian
- Schwa-final nouns and nouns without final schwa
[61%] Frisian > Phonology > Allomorphy
- Background to primary stress in monomorphemes in Afrikaans
[61%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Word stress
- Diminutive formation
[61%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonological Processes > Phonology-morphology interface
- The rounded and unrounded close front vowels of Afrikaans
[60%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Segment inventory > Overview of Afrikaans vowels
- Coda
[60%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonotactics
- Overview of Afrikaans vowels
[60%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Segment inventory
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- -aal and -eel
[70%] Dutch > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation > Nouns > Nominal suffixes
- ge...te
[69%] Dutch > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation > Nouns > Nominal prefixes
- -ling
[68%] Dutch > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation > Nouns > Nominal suffixes
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[68%] Dutch > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation > Nouns > Nominal suffixes
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[68%] Dutch > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation > Nouns > Nominal suffixes
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[66%] Frisian > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation > Suffixation > Nominal suffixes > Noun as base
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[65%] Frisian > Morphology > Inflection > Nouns
- -er (inhabitant names)
[64%] Frisian > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation > Suffixation > Nominal suffixes > Geographical name as base
- -skip
[63%] Frisian > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation > Suffixation > Nominal suffixes > Noun as base
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[62%] Frisian > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation > Suffixation > Nominal suffixes > Noun as base
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[61%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation > Affixation
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[60%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation
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[60%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation > Affixation
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[59%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation > Affixation
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[59%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation > Affixation
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- 1.3.1.3. Ing-nominalization
[62%] Dutch > Syntax > Nouns and Noun Phrases > 1 Characterization and classification > 1.3. Derivation of nouns > 1.3.1. Deverbal nouns
- 1.3.2. Deadjectival nouns
[61%] Dutch > Syntax > Nouns and Noun Phrases > 1 Characterization and classification > 1.3. Derivation of nouns
- Preface and acknowledgments
[61%] Dutch > Syntax > Preface and acknowledgements
- 1.3.3. Relational adjectives
[61%] Dutch > Syntax > Adjectives and Adjective Phrases > 1 Characteristics and classification > 1.3. A semantic classification
- 1.3.1.4. Ge-nominalization
[61%] Dutch > Syntax > Nouns and Noun Phrases > 1 Characterization and classification > 1.3. Derivation of nouns > 1.3.1. Deverbal nouns
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[59%] Frisian > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases
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[58%] Frisian > Syntax > Nouns & Noun Phrases
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[57%] Frisian > Syntax > Adjective Phrases > Attribution > Agreement > Dialectical
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[57%] Frisian > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases > Predication and noun incorporation > Copulas
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[57%] Frisian > Syntax > Adjective Phrases > Adverbial use > Modification of PPs
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[59%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Verb Phrases > Characterization and classification > Modality
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[59%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Verb Phrases > Complement clauses > Finite declarative complement clauses
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[58%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Adjective Phrases
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[58%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Verb Phrases > Characterization and classification
