- Dutch
- Frisian
- Afrikaans
- Dutch
- Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Phonotactics
- Phonological processes
- Phonology-morphology interface
- Word stress
- Primary stress in simplex words
- Monomorphemic words
- Diachronic aspects
- Generalizations on stress placement
- Default penultimate stress
- Lexical stress
- The closed penult restriction
- Final closed syllables
- The diphthong restriction
- Superheavy syllables (SHS)
- The three-syllable window
- Segmental restrictions
- Phonetic correlates
- Stress shifts in loanwords
- Quantity-sensitivity
- Secondary stress
- Vowel reduction in unstressed syllables
- Stress in complex words
- Primary stress in simplex words
- Accent & intonation
- Clitics
- Spelling
- Morphology
- Word formation
- Compounding
- Nominal compounds
- Verbal compounds
- Adjectival compounds
- Affixoids
- Coordinative compounds
- Synthetic compounds
- Reduplicative compounds
- Phrase-based compounds
- Elative compounds
- Exocentric compounds
- Linking elements
- Separable complex verbs (SCVs)
- Gapping of complex words
- Particle verbs
- Copulative compounds
- Derivation
- Numerals
- Derivation: inputs and input restrictions
- The meaning of affixes
- Non-native morphology
- Cohering and non-cohering affixes
- Prefixation
- Suffixation
- Nominal suffixation: person nouns
- Conversion
- Pseudo-participles
- Bound forms
- Nouns
- Nominal prefixes
- Nominal suffixes
- -aal and -eel
- -aar
- -aard
- -aat
- -air
- -aris
- -ast
- Diminutives
- -dom
- -een
- -ees
- -el (nominal)
- -elaar
- -enis
- -er (nominal)
- -erd
- -erik
- -es
- -eur
- -euse
- ge...te
- -heid
- -iaan, -aan
- -ief
- -iek
- -ier
- -ier (French)
- -ière
- -iet
- -igheid
- -ij and allomorphs
- -ijn
- -in
- -ing
- -isme
- -ist
- -iteit
- -ling
- -oir
- -oot
- -rice
- -schap
- -schap (de)
- -schap (het)
- -sel
- -st
- -ster
- -t
- -tal
- -te
- -voud
- Verbs
- Adjectives
- Adverbs
- Univerbation
- Neo-classical word formation
- Construction-dependent morphology
- Morphological productivity
- Compounding
- Inflection
- Inflection and derivation
- Allomorphy
- The interface between phonology and morphology
- Word formation
- Syntax
- Preface and acknowledgements
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- 1 Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of verb phrases I:Argument structure
- 3 Projection of verb phrases II:Verb frame alternations
- Introduction
- 3.1. Main types
- 3.2. Alternations involving the external argument
- 3.3. Alternations of noun phrases and PPs
- 3.3.1. Dative/PP alternations (dative shift)
- 3.3.1.1. Dative alternation with aan-phrases (recipients)
- 3.3.1.2. Dative alternation with naar-phrases (goals)
- 3.3.1.3. Dative alternation with van-phrases (sources)
- 3.3.1.4. Dative alternation with bij-phrases (possessors)
- 3.3.1.5. Dative alternation with voor-phrases (benefactives)
- 3.3.1.6. Conclusion
- 3.3.1.7. Bibliographical notes
- 3.3.2. Accusative/PP alternations
- 3.3.3. Nominative/PP alternations
- 3.3.1. Dative/PP alternations (dative shift)
- 3.4. Some apparent cases of verb frame alternation
- 3.5. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of verb phrases IIIa:Selection of clauses/verb phrases
- 5 Projection of verb phrases IIIb:Argument and complementive clauses
- Introduction
- 5.1. Finite argument clauses
- 5.2. Infinitival argument clauses
- 5.3. Complementive clauses
- 6 Projection of verb phrases IIIc:Complements of non-main verbs
- 7 Projection of verb phrases IIId:Verb clusters
- 8 Projection of verb phrases IV: Adverbial modification
- 9 Word order in the clause I:General introduction
- 10 Word order in the clause II:Position of the finite verb (verb-first/second)
- 11 Word order in the clause III:Clause-initial position (wh-movement)
- Introduction
- 11.1. The formation of V1- and V2-clauses
- 11.2. Clause-initial position remains (phonetically) empty
- 11.3. Clause-initial position is filled
- 12 Word order in the clause IV:Postverbal field (extraposition)
- 13 Word order in the clause V: Middle field (scrambling)
- 14 Main-clause external elements
- Nouns and Noun Phrases
- 1 Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of noun phrases I: complementation
- Introduction
- 2.1. General observations
- 2.2. Prepositional and nominal complements
- 2.3. Clausal complements
- 2.4. Bibliographical notes
- 3 Projection of noun phrases II: modification
- Introduction
- 3.1. Restrictive and non-restrictive modifiers
- 3.2. Premodification
- 3.3. Postmodification
- 3.3.1. Adpositional phrases
- 3.3.2. Relative clauses
- 3.3.3. Infinitival clauses
- 3.3.4. A special case: clauses referring to a proposition
- 3.3.5. Adjectival phrases
- 3.3.6. Adverbial postmodification
- 3.4. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of noun phrases III: binominal constructions
- Introduction
- 4.1. Binominal constructions without a preposition
- 4.2. Binominal constructions with a preposition
- 4.3. Bibliographical notes
- 5 Determiners: articles and pronouns
- Introduction
- 5.1. Articles
- 5.2. Pronouns
- 5.3. Bibliographical notes
- 6 Numerals and quantifiers
- 7 Pre-determiners
- Introduction
- 7.1. The universal quantifier al 'all' and its alternants
- 7.2. The pre-determiner heel 'all/whole'
- 7.3. A note on focus particles
- 7.4. Bibliographical notes
- 8 Syntactic uses of noun phrases
- Adjectives and Adjective Phrases
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- 2 Projection of adjective phrases I: Complementation
- 3 Projection of adjective phrases II: Modification
- 4 Projection of adjective phrases III: Comparison
- 5 Attributive use of the adjective phrase
- 6 Predicative use of the adjective phrase
- 7 The partitive genitive construction
- 8 Adverbial use of the adjective phrase
- 9 Participles and infinitives: their adjectival use
- 10 Special constructions
- Adpositions and adpositional phrases
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- Introduction
- 1.1. Characterization of the category adposition
- 1.2. A formal classification of adpositional phrases
- 1.3. A semantic classification of adpositional phrases
- 1.3.1. Spatial adpositions
- 1.3.2. Temporal adpositions
- 1.3.3. Non-spatial/temporal prepositions
- 1.4. Borderline cases
- 1.5. Bibliographical notes
- 2 Projection of adpositional phrases: Complementation
- 3 Projection of adpositional phrases: Modification
- 4 Syntactic uses of the adpositional phrase
- 5 R-pronominalization and R-words
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- Phonology
- Frisian
- Introduction to Frisian
- Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Phonotactics
- Phonological Processes
- Assimilation
- Vowel nasalization
- Syllabic sonorants
- Final devoicing
- Fake geminates
- Vowel hiatus resolution
- Vowel reduction introduction
- Schwa deletion
- Schwa insertion
- /r/-deletion
- d-insertion
- {s/z}-insertion
- t-deletion
- Intrusive stop formation
- Breaking
- Vowel shortening
- h-deletion
- Replacement of the glide w
- Word stress
- Clitics
- Allomorphy
- Orthography of Frisian
- Morphology
- Inflection
- Word formation
- Derivation
- Prefixation
- Infixation
- Suffixation
- Nominal suffixes
- Verbal suffixes
- Adjectival suffixes
- Adverbial suffixes
- Numeral suffixes
- Interjectional suffixes
- Onomastic suffixes
- Conversion
- Derivation
- Syntax
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Unergative and unaccusative subjects
- Evidentiality
- To-infinitival clauses
- Predication and noun incorporation
- Ellipsis
- Imperativus-pro-Infinitivo
- Expression of irrealis
- Embedded Verb Second
- Agreement
- Negation
- Nouns & Noun Phrases
- Classification
- Complementation
- Modification
- Partitive noun constructions
- Referential partitive constructions
- Partitive measure nouns
- Numeral partitive constructions
- Partitive question constructions
- Nominalised quantifiers
- Kind partitives
- Partitive predication with prepositions
- Bare nominal attributions
- Articles and names
- Pronouns
- Quantifiers and (pre)determiners
- Interrogative pronouns
- R-pronouns
- Syntactic uses
- Adjective Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification and degree quantification
- Comparison by degree
- Comparative
- Superlative
- Equative
- Attribution
- Agreement
- Attributive adjectives vs. prenominal elements
- Complex adjectives
- Noun ellipsis
- Co-occurring adjectives
- Predication
- Partitive adjective constructions
- Adverbial use
- Participles and infinitives
- Adposition Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification
- Intransitive adpositions
- Predication
- Preposition stranding
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- Afrikaans
- Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Overview of Afrikaans vowels
- The rounded and unrounded high front vowels /i/ and /y/
- The diphthongised long vowels /e/, /ø/ and /o/
- The unrounded mid-front vowel /ɛ/
- The unrounded low-central vowel /ɑ/
- The unrounded low-central vowel /a/
- The rounded mid-high back vowel /ɔ/
- The rounded high back vowel /u/
- The unrounded and rounded central vowels /ə/ and /œ/
- The diphthongs /əi/, /œy/ and /œu/
- Overview of Afrikaans Consonants
- The bilabial plosives /p/ and /b/
- The alveolar plosives /t/ and /d/
- The velar plosives /k/ and /g/
- The bilabial nasal /m/
- The alveolar nasal /n/
- The velar nasal /ŋ/
- The trill /r/
- The lateral liquid /l/
- The labiodental fricatives /f/ and /v/
- The alveolar fricatives /s/ and /z/
- The velar fricative /x/
- The approximants /ɦ/, /j/ and /ʋ/
- Overview of Afrikaans vowels
- Word stress
- The phonetic properties of stress
- Primary stress on monomorphemic words in Afrikaans
- Background to primary stress in monomorphemes in Afrikaans
- Overview of the Main Stress Rule of Afrikaans
- The short vowels of Afrikaans
- Long vowels in monomorphemes
- Primary stress on diphthongs in monomorphemes
- Exceptions
- Stress shifts in place names
- Stress shift towards word-final position
- Stress pattern of reduplications
- Phonological Processes
- Phonotactics
- Segment inventory
- Morphology
- Syntax
- Introduction to Noun Phrases
- Introduction to Adjective Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification and degree quantification
- Comparison by comparative, superlative and equative degree
- Attribution
- Predication
- The partitive adjective construction
- Adverbial use
- Participles and infinitives as adjectives
- Introduction to Verb Phrases
- Phonology
The adjective may be followed by a complete infinitival clause, that is, without an object gap. An example is given below:
Hy wie dom genôch om tsjin dy frou yn te gean |
he was foolish enough for against that woman in to go |
He was foolish enough to speak up against that woman |
The high degree limit of an adjective is that degree level of the adjective at which or above which the proposition described in the non-finite clause becomes true. In the example below, the argument of which the adjective is predicated is identical to the subject of the clause:
Hy wie dom genôch en gean tsjin dy frou yn |
he was foolish enough and go against that woman in |
He was foolish enough to speak up against that woman |
In the example above, the non-finite clause has the form of an Imperative-pro-participio, featuring a clause-initial verb that has the morphological shape of an imperative. The same example can also be construed with a om-tefor to infinitive with the verb at the end of the clause:
Hy wie dom genôch om tsjin dy frou yn te gean |
he was foolish enough for against that woman in to go |
He was foolish enough to speak up against that woman |
The infinitival clause may form a constituent with the Adjective Phrase (AP) containing the functional modifier genôchenough and the attributive adjective:
a. | [Dom genôch en gean tsjin har yn] wie ik lykwols al | ||||||||||||||
foolish enough and go against her in was I however indeed | |||||||||||||||
However, I was indeed foolish enough to speak up against her |
b. | [Dom genôch om tsjin har yn te gean] wie ik lykwols al | ||||||||||||||
foolish enough for against her in to go was I however indeed | |||||||||||||||
However, I was indeed foolish enough to speak up against her |
The complementiser enand can never be dropped. The complementiser omfor can be dropped depending on the construction type. In the following construction it cannot be dropped:
*Hy wie dom genôch om tsjin har yn te gean |
he was so foolish against her in to go |
He was foolish enough to speak up against her |
The infinitival clause cannot be replaced with an Adposition Phrase (PP):
*Hy wie dêr dom genôch foar/fan/.. |
he was R foolish enough for/of/.. |
He was foolish enough for .. |
The construction is subject to an alternation, that is, it comes in two varieties, depending on whether the adjective is predicated of a person or a proposition. The person argument of the adjective may show up in a PP introduced by the preposition fanof, in case the adjective is predicated of a proposition. If the adjective is predicated of the propositional argument, then that argument is usually expressed by the anticipatory pronoun itit, which is coreferential with the following clause:
a. | Predication of the person argument | |||||||
Hy wie dom genôch om har út te laitsjen | ||||||||
he was foolish enough as her out to laugh | ||||||||
He was foolish enough to make fun of her | ||||||||
*Hy wie dom genôch har út te laitsjen | ||||||||
he was foolish enough her out to laugh | ||||||||
He was foolish enough to make fun of her |
b. | Predication of the propositional argument | |||||||
It wie dom genôch fan him (om) har út te laitsjen | ||||||||
it was foolish enough of him for her out to laugh | ||||||||
It was foolish enough of him to make fun of her |
The complementiser omfor is optional only if the adjective is predicated of the propositional argument. These two sentences do not mean the same thing. In (7a), the infinitival clause is true at or above the high degree limit of the adjective predicated of the person. In (7b) the truth of the infinitival clause does not seem to depend on the degree of foolishness of the person involved.
- Dutch
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- Afrikaans
- Intonation
[83%] Dutch > Phonology > Accent & intonation
- Articulatory correlates of stress
[79%] Dutch > Phonology > Accent & intonation
- Acoustic correlates of stress
[79%] Dutch > Phonology > Accent & intonation
- Diminutive allomorphy
[78%] Dutch > Phonology > Phonology-morphology interface > Allomorphy
- Abstract phonological forms in Dutch orthography
[77%] Dutch > Phonology > Spelling
- Phonological evidence for cliticization
[82%] Frisian > Phonology > Clitics
- Orthography
[82%] Frisian > Phonology > Orthography of Frisian
- The phonological domain of Final Devoicing
[82%] Frisian > Phonology > Phonological Processes > Final devoicing
- Progressive Voice Assimilation: the past tense of the weak verbs of the first conjugation class
[81%] Frisian > Phonology > Phonological Processes > Assimilation
- Breaking: phonological aspects
[80%] Frisian > Phonology > Phonological Processes > Breaking
- The phonotactics of Afrikaans
[79%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonotactics
- Nasalization
[77%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonological Processes > Vowel related processes
- Homorganic glide insertion
[76%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonological Processes
- Articulatory correlates of stress in Afrikaans
[75%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Word stress > The phonetic properties of stress
- Onset: sequences of three consonants
[74%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonotactics > Onset
- Dutch
- Frisian
- Afrikaans
- Separable complex verbs (SCVs)
[83%] Dutch > Morphology > Word formation > Compounding
- Case - the partitive construction
[82%] Dutch > Morphology > Inflection > Nouns > Case
- -tal
[80%] Dutch > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation > Nouns > Nominal suffixes
- Phrase-based compounds
[79%] Dutch > Morphology > Word formation > Compounding
- Synthetic compounds
[79%] Dutch > Morphology > Word formation > Compounding
- Strong and other irregular verbs
[85%] Frisian > Morphology > Inflection > Verbs
- General categories
[84%] Frisian > Morphology > Inflection > Verbs
- Weak verbs
[84%] Frisian > Morphology > Inflection > Verbs
- Degree
[84%] Frisian > Morphology > Inflection > Adjectives
- In prenominal position
[83%] Frisian > Morphology > Inflection > Adjectives
- Prefixation
[76%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation > Affixation
- Cohering and non-cohering affixes
[74%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation > Affixation
- Affixation
[71%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation
- Circumfixation
[71%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation > Affixation
- Meaning of affixes
[71%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation > Affixation
- Dutch
- Frisian
- Afrikaans
- 6.5. Clausal subjects
[88%] Dutch > Syntax > Adjectives and Adjective Phrases > 6 Predicative use of the adjective phrase
- 6.3. Supplementive use of the adjective
[88%] Dutch > Syntax > Adjectives and Adjective Phrases > 6 Predicative use of the adjective phrase
- 6.1. Logical subjects
[87%] Dutch > Syntax > Adjectives and Adjective Phrases > 6 Predicative use of the adjective phrase
- 3.2.1.1. General properties of passives
[87%] Dutch > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases > 3 Projection of verb phrases II:Verb frame alternations > 3.2. Alternations involving the external argument > 3.2.1. Passivization
- 3.1.3. Modification by a complex intensifying phrase
[87%] Dutch > Syntax > Adjectives and Adjective Phrases > 3 Projection of adjective phrases II: Modification > 3.1. Modification of scalar adjectives
- Complete infinitival clause
[98%] Frisian > Syntax > Adjective Phrases > Modification and degree quantification > High degree specification > With infinitival clauses
- Complete infinitival clause
[94%] Frisian > Syntax > Adjective Phrases > Modification and degree quantification > Excessive degree > With infinitival clauses
- Preceding modal infinitival, without complementiser om 'for', with object gap
[89%] Frisian > Syntax > Adjective Phrases > Modification and degree quantification > High degree specification > With infinitival clauses
- With om
[88%] Frisian > Syntax > Adjective Phrases > Predication > Predicates > Infinitival
- Preceding infinitival with complementiser and object gap
[88%] Frisian > Syntax > Adjective Phrases > Modification and degree quantification > High degree specification > With infinitival clauses
- Excessive degree te 'too'
[89%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Adjective Phrases > Modification and degree quantification
- Predicate
[87%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Adjective Phrases > Predication
- Argument types
[86%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Adjective Phrases > Predication
- The comparative complement
[85%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Adjective Phrases > Comparison by comparative, superlative and equative degree > Comparative > Lower degree comparative
- Equative
[84%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Adjective Phrases > Comparison by comparative, superlative and equative degree
