- Dutch
- Frisian
- Saterfrisian
- Afrikaans
-
- Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Phonotactics
- Phonological processes
- Phonology-morphology interface
- Word stress
- Primary stress in simplex words
- Monomorphemic words
- Diachronic aspects
- Generalizations on stress placement
- Default penultimate stress
- Lexical stress
- The closed penult restriction
- Final closed syllables
- The diphthong restriction
- Superheavy syllables (SHS)
- The three-syllable window
- Segmental restrictions
- Phonetic correlates
- Stress shifts in loanwords
- Quantity-sensitivity
- Secondary stress
- Vowel reduction in unstressed syllables
- Stress in complex words
- Primary stress in simplex words
- Accent & intonation
- Clitics
- Spelling
- Morphology
- Word formation
- Compounding
- Nominal compounds
- Verbal compounds
- Adjectival compounds
- Affixoids
- Coordinative compounds
- Synthetic compounds
- Reduplicative compounds
- Phrase-based compounds
- Elative compounds
- Exocentric compounds
- Linking elements
- Separable complex verbs (SCVs)
- Gapping of complex words
- Particle verbs
- Copulative compounds
- Derivation
- Numerals
- Derivation: inputs and input restrictions
- The meaning of affixes
- Non-native morphology
- Cohering and non-cohering affixes
- Prefixation
- Suffixation
- Nominal suffixation: person nouns
- Conversion
- Pseudo-participles
- Bound forms
- Nouns
- Nominal prefixes
- Nominal suffixes
- -aal and -eel
- -aar
- -aard
- -aat
- -air
- -aris
- -ast
- Diminutives
- -dom
- -een
- -ees
- -el (nominal)
- -elaar
- -enis
- -er (nominal)
- -erd
- -erik
- -es
- -eur
- -euse
- ge...te
- -heid
- -iaan, -aan
- -ief
- -iek
- -ier
- -ier (French)
- -ière
- -iet
- -igheid
- -ij and allomorphs
- -ijn
- -in
- -ing
- -isme
- -ist
- -iteit
- -ling
- -oir
- -oot
- -rice
- -schap
- -schap (de)
- -schap (het)
- -sel
- -st
- -ster
- -t
- -tal
- -te
- -voud
- Verbs
- Adjectives
- Adverbs
- Univerbation
- Neo-classical word formation
- Construction-dependent morphology
- Morphological productivity
- Compounding
- Inflection
- Inflection and derivation
- Allomorphy
- The interface between phonology and morphology
- Word formation
- Syntax
- Preface and acknowledgements
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- 1 Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of verb phrases I:Argument structure
- 3 Projection of verb phrases II:Verb frame alternations
- Introduction
- 3.1. Main types
- 3.2. Alternations involving the external argument
- 3.3. Alternations of noun phrases and PPs
- 3.3.1. Dative/PP alternations (dative shift)
- 3.3.1.1. Dative alternation with aan-phrases (recipients)
- 3.3.1.2. Dative alternation with naar-phrases (goals)
- 3.3.1.3. Dative alternation with van-phrases (sources)
- 3.3.1.4. Dative alternation with bij-phrases (possessors)
- 3.3.1.5. Dative alternation with voor-phrases (benefactives)
- 3.3.1.6. Conclusion
- 3.3.1.7. Bibliographical notes
- 3.3.2. Accusative/PP alternations
- 3.3.3. Nominative/PP alternations
- 3.3.1. Dative/PP alternations (dative shift)
- 3.4. Some apparent cases of verb frame alternation
- 3.5. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of verb phrases IIIa:Selection of clauses/verb phrases
- 5 Projection of verb phrases IIIb:Argument and complementive clauses
- Introduction
- 5.1. Finite argument clauses
- 5.2. Infinitival argument clauses
- 5.3. Complementive clauses
- 6 Projection of verb phrases IIIc:Complements of non-main verbs
- 7 Projection of verb phrases IIId:Verb clusters
- 8 Projection of verb phrases IV: Adverbial modification
- 9 Word order in the clause I:General introduction
- 10 Word order in the clause II:Position of the finite verb (verb-first/second)
- 11 Word order in the clause III:Clause-initial position (wh-movement)
- Introduction
- 11.1. The formation of V1- and V2-clauses
- 11.2. Clause-initial position remains (phonetically) empty
- 11.3. Clause-initial position is filled
- 12 Word order in the clause IV:Postverbal field (extraposition)
- 13 Word order in the clause V: Middle field (scrambling)
- 14 Main-clause external elements
- Nouns and Noun Phrases
- 1 Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of noun phrases I: complementation
- Introduction
- 2.1. General observations
- 2.2. Prepositional and nominal complements
- 2.3. Clausal complements
- 2.4. Bibliographical notes
- 3 Projection of noun phrases II: modification
- Introduction
- 3.1. Restrictive and non-restrictive modifiers
- 3.2. Premodification
- 3.3. Postmodification
- 3.3.1. Adpositional phrases
- 3.3.2. Relative clauses
- 3.3.3. Infinitival clauses
- 3.3.4. A special case: clauses referring to a proposition
- 3.3.5. Adjectival phrases
- 3.3.6. Adverbial postmodification
- 3.4. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of noun phrases III: binominal constructions
- Introduction
- 4.1. Binominal constructions without a preposition
- 4.2. Binominal constructions with a preposition
- 4.3. Bibliographical notes
- 5 Determiners: articles and pronouns
- Introduction
- 5.1. Articles
- 5.2. Pronouns
- 5.3. Bibliographical notes
- 6 Numerals and quantifiers
- 7 Pre-determiners
- Introduction
- 7.1. The universal quantifier al 'all' and its alternants
- 7.2. The pre-determiner heel 'all/whole'
- 7.3. A note on focus particles
- 7.4. Bibliographical notes
- 8 Syntactic uses of noun phrases
- Adjectives and Adjective Phrases
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- 2 Projection of adjective phrases I: Complementation
- 3 Projection of adjective phrases II: Modification
- 4 Projection of adjective phrases III: Comparison
- 5 Attributive use of the adjective phrase
- 6 Predicative use of the adjective phrase
- 7 The partitive genitive construction
- 8 Adverbial use of the adjective phrase
- 9 Participles and infinitives: their adjectival use
- 10 Special constructions
- Adpositions and adpositional phrases
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- Introduction
- 1.1. Characterization of the category adposition
- 1.2. A formal classification of adpositional phrases
- 1.3. A semantic classification of adpositional phrases
- 1.3.1. Spatial adpositions
- 1.3.2. Temporal adpositions
- 1.3.3. Non-spatial/temporal prepositions
- 1.4. Borderline cases
- 1.5. Bibliographical notes
- 2 Projection of adpositional phrases: Complementation
- 3 Projection of adpositional phrases: Modification
- 4 Syntactic uses of the adpositional phrase
- 5 R-pronominalization and R-words
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- Phonology
-
- General
- Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Phonotactics
- Phonological Processes
- Assimilation
- Vowel nasalization
- Syllabic sonorants
- Final devoicing
- Fake geminates
- Vowel hiatus resolution
- Vowel reduction introduction
- Schwa deletion
- Schwa insertion
- /r/-deletion
- d-insertion
- {s/z}-insertion
- t-deletion
- Intrusive stop formation
- Breaking
- Vowel shortening
- h-deletion
- Replacement of the glide w
- Word stress
- Clitics
- Allomorphy
- Orthography of Frisian
- Morphology
- Inflection
- Word formation
- Derivation
- Prefixation
- Infixation
- Suffixation
- Nominal suffixes
- Verbal suffixes
- Adjectival suffixes
- Adverbial suffixes
- Numeral suffixes
- Interjectional suffixes
- Onomastic suffixes
- Conversion
- Compositions
- Derivation
- Syntax
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Unergative and unaccusative subjects
- Evidentiality
- To-infinitival clauses
- Predication and noun incorporation
- Ellipsis
- Imperativus-pro-Infinitivo
- Expression of irrealis
- Embedded Verb Second
- Agreement
- Negation
- Nouns & Noun Phrases
- Classification
- Complementation
- Modification
- Partitive noun constructions
- Referential partitive constructions
- Partitive measure nouns
- Numeral partitive constructions
- Partitive question constructions
- Nominalised quantifiers
- Kind partitives
- Partitive predication with prepositions
- Bare nominal attributions
- Articles and names
- Pronouns
- Quantifiers and (pre)determiners
- Interrogative pronouns
- R-pronouns
- Syntactic uses
- Adjective Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification and degree quantification
- Comparison by degree
- Comparative
- Superlative
- Equative
- Attribution
- Agreement
- Attributive adjectives vs. prenominal elements
- Complex adjectives
- Noun ellipsis
- Co-occurring adjectives
- Predication
- Partitive adjective constructions
- Adverbial use
- Participles and infinitives
- Adposition Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification
- Intransitive adpositions
- Predication
- Preposition stranding
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
-
- General
- Morphology
- Morphology
- 1 Word formation
- 1.1 Compounding
- 1.1.1 Compounds and their heads
- 1.1.2 Special types of compounds
- 1.1.2.1 Affixoids
- 1.1.2.2 Coordinative compounds
- 1.1.2.3 Synthetic compounds and complex pseudo-participles
- 1.1.2.4 Reduplicative compounds
- 1.1.2.5 Phrase-based compounds
- 1.1.2.6 Elative compounds
- 1.1.2.7 Exocentric compounds
- 1.1.2.8 Linking elements
- 1.1.2.9 Separable Complex Verbs and Particle Verbs
- 1.1.2.10 Noun Incorporation Verbs
- 1.1.2.11 Gapping
- 1.2 Derivation
- 1.3 Minor patterns of word formation
- 1.1 Compounding
- 2 Inflection
- 1 Word formation
- Morphology
- Syntax
- Adjectives and adjective phrases (APs)
- 0 Introduction to the AP
- 1 Characteristics and classification of APs
- 2 Complementation of APs
- 3 Modification and degree quantification of APs
- 4 Comparison by comparative, superlative and equative
- 5 Attribution of APs
- 6 Predication of APs
- 7 The partitive adjective construction
- 8 Adverbial use of APs
- 9 Participles and infinitives as APs
- Nouns and Noun Phrases (NPs)
- 0 Introduction to the NP
- 1 Characteristics and Classification of NPs
- 2 Complementation of NPs
- 3 Modification of NPs
- 3.1 Modification of NP by Determiners and APs
- 3.2 Modification of NP by PP
- 3.3 Modification of NP by adverbial clauses
- 3.4 Modification of NP by possessors
- 3.5 Modification of NP by relative clauses
- 3.6 Modification of NP in a cleft construction
- 3.7 Free relative clauses and selected interrogative clauses
- 4 Partitive noun constructions and constructions related to them
- 4.1 The referential partitive construction
- 4.2 The partitive construction of abstract quantity
- 4.3 The numerical partitive construction
- 4.4 The partitive interrogative construction
- 4.5 Adjectival, nominal and nominalised partitive quantifiers
- 4.6 Kind partitives
- 4.7 Partitive predication with a preposition
- 4.8 Bare nominal attribution
- 5 Articles and names
- 6 Pronouns
- 7 Quantifiers, determiners and predeterminers
- 8 Interrogative pronouns
- 9 R-pronouns and the indefinite expletive
- 10 Syntactic functions of Noun Phrases
- Adpositions and Adpositional Phrases (PPs)
- 0 Introduction to the PP
- 1 Characteristics and classification of PPs
- 2 Complementation of PPs
- 3 Modification of PPs
- 4 Bare (intransitive) adpositions
- 5 Predication of PPs
- 6 Form and distribution of adpositions with respect to staticity and construction type
- 7 Adpositional complements and adverbials
- Verbs and Verb Phrases (VPs)
- 0 Introduction to the VP in Saterland Frisian
- 1 Characteristics and classification of verbs
- 2 Unergative and unaccusative subjects and the auxiliary of the perfect
- 3 Evidentiality in relation to perception and epistemicity
- 4 Types of to-infinitival constituents
- 5 Predication
- 5.1 The auxiliary of being and its selection restrictions
- 5.2 The auxiliary of going and its selection restrictions
- 5.3 The auxiliary of continuation and its selection restrictions
- 5.4 The auxiliary of coming and its selection restrictions
- 5.5 Modal auxiliaries and their selection restrictions
- 5.6 Auxiliaries of body posture and aspect and their selection restrictions
- 5.7 Transitive verbs of predication
- 5.8 The auxiliary of doing used as a semantically empty finite auxiliary
- 5.9 Supplementive predication
- 6 The verbal paradigm, irregularity and suppletion
- 7 Verb Second and the word order in main and embedded clauses
- 8 Various aspects of clause structure
- Adjectives and adjective phrases (APs)
-
- General
- Phonology
- Afrikaans phonology
- Segment inventory
- Overview of Afrikaans vowels
- The diphthongised long vowels /e/, /ø/ and /o/
- The unrounded mid-front vowel /ɛ/
- The unrounded low-central vowel /ɑ/
- The unrounded low-central vowel /a/
- The rounded mid-high back vowel /ɔ/
- The rounded high back vowel /u/
- The rounded and unrounded high front vowels /i/ and /y/
- The unrounded and rounded central vowels /ə/ and /œ/
- The diphthongs /əi/, /œy/ and /œu/
- Overview of Afrikaans consonants
- The bilabial plosives /p/ and /b/
- The alveolar plosives /t/ and /d/
- The velar plosives /k/ and /g/
- The bilabial nasal /m/
- The alveolar nasal /n/
- The velar nasal /ŋ/
- The trill /r/
- The lateral liquid /l/
- The alveolar fricative /s/
- The velar fricative /x/
- The labiodental fricatives /f/ and /v/
- The approximants /ɦ/, /j/ and /ʋ/
- Overview of Afrikaans vowels
- Word stress
- The phonetic properties of stress
- Primary stress on monomorphemic words in Afrikaans
- Background to primary stress in monomorphemes in Afrikaans
- Overview of the Main Stress Rule of Afrikaans
- The short vowels of Afrikaans
- Long vowels in monomorphemes
- Primary stress on diphthongs in monomorphemes
- Exceptions
- Stress shifts in place names
- Stress shift towards word-final position
- Stress pattern of reduplications
- Phonological processes
- Vowel related processes
- Consonant related processes
- Homorganic glide insertion
- Phonology-morphology interface
- Phonotactics
- Morphology
- Syntax
- Afrikaans syntax
- Nouns and noun phrases
- Characteristics of the NP
- Classification of nouns
- Complementation of NPs
- Modification of NPs
- Binominal and partitive constructions
- Referential partitive constructions
- Partitive measure nouns
- Numeral partitive constructions
- Partitive question constructions
- Partitive constructions with nominalised quantifiers
- Partitive predication with prepositions
- Binominal name constructions
- Binominal genitive constructions
- Bare nominal attribution
- Articles and names
- Pronouns
- Quantifiers, determiners and predeterminers
- Syntactic uses of the noun phrase
- Adjectives and adjective phrases
- Characteristics and classification of the AP
- Complementation of APs
- Modification and Degree Quantification of APs
- Comparison by comparative, superlative and equative degree
- Attribution of APs
- Predication of APs
- The partitive adjective construction
- Adverbial use of APs
- Participles and infinitives as adjectives
- Verbs and verb phrases
- Characterisation and classification
- Argument structure
- Verb frame alternations
- Complements of non-main verbs
- Verb clusters
- Complement clauses
- Adverbial modification
- Word order in the clause: Introduction
- Word order in the clause: position of the finite Verb
- Word order in the clause: Clause-initial position
- Word order in the clause: Extraposition and right-dislocation in the postverbal field
- Word order in the middle field
- Emphatic constructions
- Adpositions and adposition phrases
Affixoids are lexemes that form part of a compound and have a meaning bound to this use. For instance, the noun bloed blood in the adjectival compound bloedmooi blood-beautiful very beautiful has the meaning 'very', a meaning that is only available for this noun if it occurs as the left-hand part of a compound. Therefore, bloed- is called a prefixoid, as in this use it resembles a prefix: a morpheme the occurrence of which is bound to being part of complex words. The same phenomenon can be observed for right-hand constituents. For instance, in kolenboer coal-farmer coal seller, the meaning of –boer is that of 'merchant', a meaning only available if this noun is the head of a compound. Thus, -boer may be called a suffixoid.
In NA compounds in which the noun functions as a prefixoid, its original comparison meaning may have completely disappeared. This is evident from the fact that these nouns attach to any kind of adjective ((Booij 2005), (Booij 2010)), even when a comparison would be semantically odd:
| bere- (lit. 'bear') | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| a. | beregoed | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| bear-good | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| very good | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| b. | bereleuk | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| bear-nice | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| very nice | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| bloed- (lit. 'blood') | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| a. | bloedmooi | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| blood-beautiful | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| gorgeous | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| b. | bloednerveus | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| blood-nervous | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| very nervous | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| dood- (lit. 'dead') | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| a. | doodnormaal | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| dead-normal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| completely normal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| b. | doodziek | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| dead-ill | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| very ill | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| kei- (lit. 'stone, boulder') | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| a. | keileuk | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| stone-nice | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| very nice | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| b. | keigoed | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| stone-good | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| very good | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Compounds in which one part intensifies the meaning of the other are known as "elative compounds" and are discussed in more detail here.
A similar productive use of noun modifiers is found in Dutch NN compounds, where the prefixoids are related to nouns. Examples are:
| bliksem- (lit. lightning) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| a. | bliksemactie | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| lightning-action | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| lightning action | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| b. | bliksembezoek | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| lightning-visit | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| lightning visit | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| kak- (lit. 'shit') | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| a. | kakbuurt | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| shit-neighbourhood | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| posh neighbourhood | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| b. | kakmadam | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| shit-madam | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| stuck-up lady | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| pracht (lit. 'beauty, glory') | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| a. | prachtvent | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| beauty-guy | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| great guy | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| b. | prachtidee | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| beauty-idea | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| great idea | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| wereld- (lit. 'world') | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| a. | wereldvrouw | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| world-woman | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| fantastic woman | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| b. | wereldkans | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| world-chance | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| great chance | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| hoofd- (lit. 'head') | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| a. | hoofdbezwaar | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| head-objection | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| main objection | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| b. | hoofddoel | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| head-goal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| main goal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| kunst- (lit. 'art') | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| a. | kunstboter | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| art-butter | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| artificial butter | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| b. | kunstgebit | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| art-set_of_teeth | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| false teeth, dentures | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Also relevant are the nouns mannetje man-DIM male (of an animal species) and vrouwtje woman-DIM female that can be used with animal names.
Some of these prefixoids have been reanalyzed as adverbs or adjectives. This is the case for kut cunt and reuze giant: kut [kut- x](N) worthless > Dat vind ik kut I hate that, reuze [reuze- x](N) fantastic > Het uitstapje was reuze The outing was fantastic. The nominal origin of reuze fantastic is reflected by its final schwa which is a linking element, the noun when used as an independent word being reus giant. The reinterpretation of kut as an adjective has also led to this word having a comparative and a superlative form: kutt-er, kut-st, as in Dit was het kutst van alles This was the worst of all.
Examples of suffixoids can be found in complex words with –boer or –man as their head. These nouns have the bound meaning 'merchant':
| -boer (lit. 'farmer') | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| a. | groenteboer | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| vegetables-farmer | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| greengrocer | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| b. | kolenboer | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| coal-farmer | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| coalman | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| c. | lesboer | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| lesson-farmer | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| teacher | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| d. | visboer | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| fish-farmer | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| fishmonger | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| e. | sigarenboer | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| cigar-farmer | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| tobacconist | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| -man 'lit. 'man') | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| a. | melkman | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| milk-man | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| milkman | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| b. | bladenman | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| magazines-man | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| paperboy/-man | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| c. | krantenman | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| newspaper-man | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| newsagent | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| d. | ijscoman | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ice_cream-man | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ice cream man | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Adjectives may also function as suffixoids, as in vetvrij fat-free and zoutarm salt-poor low on salt. Here they have the bound but productive meanings 'free from' and 'low on', respectively.
The rise of affixoids is and their syntactic reanalysis is discussed in (Van Goethem 2008), (Van Goethem 2011), (Van Goethem and Hiligsmann 2014)(Booij 2014), and in (Hüning and Booij 2014). Even phrases may function as affixoids. An example is huis, tuin, and keuken house, garden and kitchen ordinary a phrase that can be used productively with that specific meaning in compounds, such as huis- tuin-en-keuken-tandarts ordinary dentist.
- 2005Compounding and derivation: evidence for construction morphologyDressler, Wolfgang U., Kastovsky, Dieter, Pfeiffer, Oskar E. & Rainer, Franz (eds.)Morphology and its demarcationsAmsterdam / PhiladelphiaJohn Benjamins109-132
- 2010Construction morphologyOxford/New YorkOxford University Press
- 2014Affixoids and constructional idiomsExtending the scope of construction-based grammarDe Gruyter Mouton
- 2014Affixoids and constructional idiomsExtending the scope of construction-based grammarDe Gruyter Mouton
- 2008The interaction between word structure and grammaticalization. Evidence from word-formation with French <i>entre-</i> and Dutch <i>tussen-</i>Word Structure165-82
- 2008Oud-leerling versus ancien élève. A comparative study of adjectives grammaticalizing into prefixes in Dutch and FrenchMorphology1827-49
- 2011From adjective to affix in Dutch and French: the influence of word order patterns on grammaticalizationStudies in Language35194-216
- 2011From adjective to affix in Dutch and French: the influence of word order patterns on grammaticalizationStudies in Language35194-216
- 2014When two paths converge: debonding and clipping of Dutch reuze 'lit. giant; great'Journal of Germanic Linguistics2631-64
