- Dutch
- Frisian
- Afrikaans
- Dutch
- Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Phonotactics
- Phonological processes
- Phonology-morphology interface
- Word stress
- Primary stress in simplex words
- Monomorphemic words
- Diachronic aspects
- Generalizations on stress placement
- Default penultimate stress
- Lexical stress
- The closed penult restriction
- Final closed syllables
- The diphthong restriction
- Superheavy syllables (SHS)
- The three-syllable window
- Segmental restrictions
- Phonetic correlates
- Stress shifts in loanwords
- Quantity-sensitivity
- Secondary stress
- Vowel reduction in unstressed syllables
- Stress in complex words
- Primary stress in simplex words
- Accent & intonation
- Clitics
- Spelling
- Morphology
- Word formation
- Compounding
- Nominal compounds
- Verbal compounds
- Adjectival compounds
- Affixoids
- Coordinative compounds
- Synthetic compounds
- Reduplicative compounds
- Phrase-based compounds
- Elative compounds
- Exocentric compounds
- Linking elements
- Separable complex verbs (SCVs)
- Gapping of complex words
- Particle verbs
- Copulative compounds
- Derivation
- Numerals
- Derivation: inputs and input restrictions
- The meaning of affixes
- Non-native morphology
- Cohering and non-cohering affixes
- Prefixation
- Suffixation
- Nominal suffixation: person nouns
- Conversion
- Pseudo-participles
- Bound forms
- Nouns
- Nominal prefixes
- Nominal suffixes
- -aal and -eel
- -aar
- -aard
- -aat
- -air
- -aris
- -ast
- Diminutives
- -dom
- -een
- -ees
- -el (nominal)
- -elaar
- -enis
- -er (nominal)
- -erd
- -erik
- -es
- -eur
- -euse
- ge...te
- -heid
- -iaan, -aan
- -ief
- -iek
- -ier
- -ier (French)
- -ière
- -iet
- -igheid
- -ij and allomorphs
- -ijn
- -in
- -ing
- -isme
- -ist
- -iteit
- -ling
- -oir
- -oot
- -rice
- -schap
- -schap (de)
- -schap (het)
- -sel
- -st
- -ster
- -t
- -tal
- -te
- -voud
- Verbs
- Adjectives
- Adverbs
- Univerbation
- Neo-classical word formation
- Construction-dependent morphology
- Morphological productivity
- Compounding
- Inflection
- Inflection and derivation
- Allomorphy
- The interface between phonology and morphology
- Word formation
- Syntax
- Preface and acknowledgements
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- 1 Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of verb phrases I:Argument structure
- 3 Projection of verb phrases II:Verb frame alternations
- Introduction
- 3.1. Main types
- 3.2. Alternations involving the external argument
- 3.3. Alternations of noun phrases and PPs
- 3.3.1. Dative/PP alternations (dative shift)
- 3.3.1.1. Dative alternation with aan-phrases (recipients)
- 3.3.1.2. Dative alternation with naar-phrases (goals)
- 3.3.1.3. Dative alternation with van-phrases (sources)
- 3.3.1.4. Dative alternation with bij-phrases (possessors)
- 3.3.1.5. Dative alternation with voor-phrases (benefactives)
- 3.3.1.6. Conclusion
- 3.3.1.7. Bibliographical notes
- 3.3.2. Accusative/PP alternations
- 3.3.3. Nominative/PP alternations
- 3.3.1. Dative/PP alternations (dative shift)
- 3.4. Some apparent cases of verb frame alternation
- 3.5. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of verb phrases IIIa:Selection of clauses/verb phrases
- 5 Projection of verb phrases IIIb:Argument and complementive clauses
- Introduction
- 5.1. Finite argument clauses
- 5.2. Infinitival argument clauses
- 5.3. Complementive clauses
- 6 Projection of verb phrases IIIc:Complements of non-main verbs
- 7 Projection of verb phrases IIId:Verb clusters
- 8 Projection of verb phrases IV: Adverbial modification
- 9 Word order in the clause I:General introduction
- 10 Word order in the clause II:Position of the finite verb (verb-first/second)
- 11 Word order in the clause III:Clause-initial position (wh-movement)
- Introduction
- 11.1. The formation of V1- and V2-clauses
- 11.2. Clause-initial position remains (phonetically) empty
- 11.3. Clause-initial position is filled
- 12 Word order in the clause IV:Postverbal field (extraposition)
- 13 Word order in the clause V: Middle field (scrambling)
- 14 Main-clause external elements
- Nouns and Noun Phrases
- 1 Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of noun phrases I: complementation
- Introduction
- 2.1. General observations
- 2.2. Prepositional and nominal complements
- 2.3. Clausal complements
- 2.4. Bibliographical notes
- 3 Projection of noun phrases II: modification
- Introduction
- 3.1. Restrictive and non-restrictive modifiers
- 3.2. Premodification
- 3.3. Postmodification
- 3.3.1. Adpositional phrases
- 3.3.2. Relative clauses
- 3.3.3. Infinitival clauses
- 3.3.4. A special case: clauses referring to a proposition
- 3.3.5. Adjectival phrases
- 3.3.6. Adverbial postmodification
- 3.4. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of noun phrases III: binominal constructions
- Introduction
- 4.1. Binominal constructions without a preposition
- 4.2. Binominal constructions with a preposition
- 4.3. Bibliographical notes
- 5 Determiners: articles and pronouns
- Introduction
- 5.1. Articles
- 5.2. Pronouns
- 5.3. Bibliographical notes
- 6 Numerals and quantifiers
- 7 Pre-determiners
- Introduction
- 7.1. The universal quantifier al 'all' and its alternants
- 7.2. The pre-determiner heel 'all/whole'
- 7.3. A note on focus particles
- 7.4. Bibliographical notes
- 8 Syntactic uses of noun phrases
- Adjectives and Adjective Phrases
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- 2 Projection of adjective phrases I: Complementation
- 3 Projection of adjective phrases II: Modification
- 4 Projection of adjective phrases III: Comparison
- 5 Attributive use of the adjective phrase
- 6 Predicative use of the adjective phrase
- 7 The partitive genitive construction
- 8 Adverbial use of the adjective phrase
- 9 Participles and infinitives: their adjectival use
- 10 Special constructions
- Adpositions and adpositional phrases
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- Introduction
- 1.1. Characterization of the category adposition
- 1.2. A formal classification of adpositional phrases
- 1.3. A semantic classification of adpositional phrases
- 1.3.1. Spatial adpositions
- 1.3.2. Temporal adpositions
- 1.3.3. Non-spatial/temporal prepositions
- 1.4. Borderline cases
- 1.5. Bibliographical notes
- 2 Projection of adpositional phrases: Complementation
- 3 Projection of adpositional phrases: Modification
- 4 Syntactic uses of the adpositional phrase
- 5 R-pronominalization and R-words
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- Phonology
- Frisian
- Introduction to Frisian
- Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Phonotactics
- Phonological Processes
- Assimilation
- Vowel nasalization
- Syllabic sonorants
- Final devoicing
- Fake geminates
- Vowel hiatus resolution
- Vowel reduction introduction
- Schwa deletion
- Schwa insertion
- /r/-deletion
- d-insertion
- {s/z}-insertion
- t-deletion
- Intrusive stop formation
- Breaking
- Vowel shortening
- h-deletion
- Replacement of the glide w
- Word stress
- Clitics
- Allomorphy
- Orthography of Frisian
- Morphology
- Inflection
- Word formation
- Derivation
- Prefixation
- Infixation
- Suffixation
- Nominal suffixes
- Verbal suffixes
- Adjectival suffixes
- Adverbial suffixes
- Numeral suffixes
- Interjectional suffixes
- Onomastic suffixes
- Conversion
- Derivation
- Syntax
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Unergative and unaccusative subjects
- Evidentiality
- To-infinitival clauses
- Predication and noun incorporation
- Ellipsis
- Imperativus-pro-Infinitivo
- Expression of irrealis
- Embedded Verb Second
- Agreement
- Negation
- Nouns & Noun Phrases
- Classification
- Complementation
- Modification
- Partitive noun constructions
- Referential partitive constructions
- Partitive measure nouns
- Numeral partitive constructions
- Partitive question constructions
- Nominalised quantifiers
- Kind partitives
- Partitive predication with prepositions
- Bare nominal attributions
- Articles and names
- Pronouns
- Quantifiers and (pre)determiners
- Interrogative pronouns
- R-pronouns
- Syntactic uses
- Adjective Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification and degree quantification
- Comparison by degree
- Comparative
- Superlative
- Equative
- Attribution
- Agreement
- Attributive adjectives vs. prenominal elements
- Complex adjectives
- Noun ellipsis
- Co-occurring adjectives
- Predication
- Partitive adjective constructions
- Adverbial use
- Participles and infinitives
- Adposition Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification
- Intransitive adpositions
- Predication
- Preposition stranding
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- Afrikaans
- Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Overview of Afrikaans vowels
- The rounded and unrounded high front vowels /i/ and /y/
- The diphthongised long vowels /e/, /ø/ and /o/
- The unrounded mid-front vowel /ɛ/
- The unrounded low-central vowel /ɑ/
- The unrounded low-central vowel /a/
- The rounded mid-high back vowel /ɔ/
- The rounded high back vowel /u/
- The unrounded and rounded central vowels /ə/ and /œ/
- The diphthongs /əi/, /œy/ and /œu/
- Overview of Afrikaans Consonants
- The bilabial plosives /p/ and /b/
- The alveolar plosives /t/ and /d/
- The velar plosives /k/ and /g/
- The bilabial nasal /m/
- The alveolar nasal /n/
- The velar nasal /ŋ/
- The trill /r/
- The lateral liquid /l/
- The labiodental fricatives /f/ and /v/
- The alveolar fricatives /s/ and /z/
- The velar fricative /x/
- The approximants /ɦ/, /j/ and /ʋ/
- Overview of Afrikaans vowels
- Word stress
- The phonetic properties of stress
- Primary stress on monomorphemic words in Afrikaans
- Background to primary stress in monomorphemes in Afrikaans
- Overview of the Main Stress Rule of Afrikaans
- The short vowels of Afrikaans
- Long vowels in monomorphemes
- Primary stress on diphthongs in monomorphemes
- Exceptions
- Stress shifts in place names
- Stress shift towards word-final position
- Stress pattern of reduplications
- Phonological Processes
- Phonotactics
- Segment inventory
- Morphology
- Syntax
- Introduction to Noun Phrases
- Introduction to Adjective Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification and degree quantification
- Comparison by comparative, superlative and equative degree
- Attribution
- Predication
- The partitive adjective construction
- Adverbial use
- Participles and infinitives as adjectives
- Introduction to Verb Phrases
- Phonology
Adverbializing word formation processes tend not to be very productive because most Dutch adjectives can be used as adverbs without an adverbial morphological marker (e.g. recentrecent, recently). New adverbs can systematically be formed by means of a number of suffixes, such as -halve in beroepshalveoccupationally or -lijk in recentelijkrecently. Dutch does not have prefixes that productively form new adverbs, but new adverbs can develop directly out of words from other classes.
New adverbs can be formed by means of a number of suffixes that are discussed in Adverbial suffixes. Dutch does not have prefixes that productively form new adverbs. New adverbs can, over time, develop directly out of words of other classes, e.g. the accusative form of the noun morgenmorning has become a full-fledged adverb morgentomorrow. univerbation is another important source of adverbs: e.g. desnoodsif necessary is originally a genitive noun phrase des noodsDet.GEN_MASC need.GEN_MASC(out) of the need. Combinations of modal particles may develop idiosyncratic properties in terms of semantics or distribution, i.e., word-like behavior. Cases in point are the negative polarity itemsook maaralso buteven and zelfs maareven buteven(Rullmann 1997), the modal particle wel eenswell onceonce in a while, sometimes(Zwarts 2002), the degree adverb nogalyet alreadyrather and the focus particle niet eensnot oncenot even; this process may be analyzed as another case of univerbation.
Although most Dutch adjectives can be used as adverbs without an adverbial morphological marker (e.g. recentrecent, recently), this is not always reflected in the descriptive literature: according to Onze Taal
, only one of the dictionaries consulted stated explicitly that recentrecent, recently can be used adverbially. The same source states that recentelijkrecently is also attested in adjectival use (e.g. De recentelijke aanval op de christelijke gemeenschap in Lahorethe recent attack on the Christion community in Lahore), but this is judged to be unacceptable. There are a few minimal pairs where the long form in -elijk is supposed to be used adverbially and the short form adjectivally, but not all prescriptive sources agree on the validity of this norm (Haeseryn 1997: 394), whereas corpus data show that many native speakers do not follow it:
bepaaldelijkspecifically, particularly | bepaaldparticular, specific |
respectievelijkrespectively | respectiefrelative |
vagelijkvaguely | vaagvague |
- Haeseryn, Walter, Romijn, Kirsten, Geerts, Guido, Rooij, Jaap de & Toorn, Maarten C. van den1997Algemene Nederlandse spraakkunstGroningenNijhoff
- Rullmann, Hotze & Hoeksema, Jack1997De distributie van ook maar en zelfs maar: een corpusstudieNederlandse Taalkunde2281-317
- Zwarts, Frans and Ton van der Wouden and Víctor Sánchez Valencia2002The aspectual significance of event particles Belgian Journal of Linguistics16175-208
- Dutch
- Frisian
- Afrikaans
- Stem allomorphy
[69%] Dutch > Phonology > Phonology-morphology interface > Allomorphy
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[68%] Dutch > Phonology > Phonology-morphology interface
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[68%] Dutch > Phonology > Phonological processes
- Onset: sequences of two consonants
[68%] Dutch > Phonology > Phonotactics > Syllable level > Onsets > Complex onsets
- The spelling of linking elements in compounds
[68%] Dutch > Phonology > Spelling
- Cliticization
[68%] Frisian > Phonology > Clitics
- /r/-deletion in simplex words
[68%] Frisian > Phonology > Phonological Processes > /r/-deletion
- Orthography
[68%] Frisian > Phonology > Orthography of Frisian
- Regressive Voice Assimilation of obstruent sequences
[68%] Frisian > Phonology > Phonological Processes > Assimilation
- Replacement of the glide /w/ of the broken diphthong /w{a/o}/ by /j/ following labial consonants
[68%] Frisian > Phonology > Phonological Processes
- Rhotacism
[70%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonological Processes > Consonant related processes
- Nasalization
[70%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonological Processes > Vowel related processes
- r-deletion
[70%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonological Processes > Consonant related processes
- Vowel derounding
[69%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonological Processes > Vowel related processes
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[69%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonological Processes > Consonant related processes > Consonant cluster simplification: Overview
- Dutch
- Frisian
- Afrikaans
- Nominal suffixation: diminutives
[73%] Dutch > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation > Nouns > Nominal suffixes
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[72%] Dutch > Morphology > Word formation
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[72%] Dutch > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation
- -er (nominal)
[71%] Dutch > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation > Nouns > Nominal suffixes
- Derivation: inputs and input restrictions
[71%] Dutch > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation
- Cardinal numbers
[71%] Frisian > Morphology > Inflection > Numerals
- -mannich
[71%] Frisian > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation > Suffixation > Nominal suffixes > Noun as base
- -DIM (diminutive)
[70%] Frisian > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation > Suffixation > Nominal suffixes > Noun as base
- Emphasis
[70%] Frisian > Morphology > Inflection > Adverbs
- Ellipsis
[70%] Frisian > Morphology > Inflection > Adjectives
- Affixation
[70%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation
- Inputs and input restrictions
[69%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation > Affixation
- Non-native affixes
[68%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation > Affixation
- Nominalisation – Person names
[66%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation > Affixation
- Conversion
[66%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation
- Dutch
- Frisian
- Afrikaans
- 8.2.2. VP adverbs
[75%] Dutch > Syntax > Adjectives and Adjective Phrases > 8 Adverbial use of the adjective phrase > 8.2. Modification in the clausal domain: clause and VP adverbs
- 8.1. The categorial status of adverbs
[74%] Dutch > Syntax > Adjectives and Adjective Phrases > 8 Adverbial use of the adjective phrase
- Preface and acknowledgments
[73%] Dutch > Syntax > Preface and acknowledgements
- 8.2.1. Clausal adverbs
[73%] Dutch > Syntax > Adjectives and Adjective Phrases > 8 Adverbial use of the adjective phrase > 8.2. Modification in the clausal domain: clause and VP adverbs
- 6.2.3. Existential quantifiers
[72%] Dutch > Syntax > Nouns and Noun Phrases > 6 Numerals and quantifiers > 6.2. Quantifiers
- The adverb of manner & degree sa 'so' and negation
[67%] Frisian > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases > Negation
- The Frisian verb sille 'shall' and its meaning and selectional restrictions
[67%] Frisian > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases > Expression of irrealis > The verb sille 'shall'
- Various adverbs and clause polarity markers besides negation
[66%] Frisian > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases > Negation
- Positional aspects
[66%] Frisian > Syntax > Adjective Phrases > Adverbial use > Modification of VPs and clauses > Clause adverbs
- Referentiality versus quantification
[66%] Frisian > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases > Embedded Verb Second > Verb-second in embedded clauses > Linearity and referentiality
- Mood
[71%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Verb Phrases > Characterization and classification
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[71%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Adjective Phrases
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[69%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Adjective Phrases > Characteristics and classification
- Finite declarative complement clauses: construction forms
[69%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Verb Phrases > Complement clauses > Finite declarative complement clauses
- Root modality
[69%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Verb Phrases > Characterization and classification > Modality
