- Dutch
- Frisian
- Afrikaans
- Dutch
- Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Phonotactics
- Phonological processes
- Phonology-morphology interface
- Word stress
- Primary stress in simplex words
- Monomorphemic words
- Diachronic aspects
- Generalizations on stress placement
- Default penultimate stress
- Lexical stress
- The closed penult restriction
- Final closed syllables
- The diphthong restriction
- Superheavy syllables (SHS)
- The three-syllable window
- Segmental restrictions
- Phonetic correlates
- Stress shifts in loanwords
- Quantity-sensitivity
- Secondary stress
- Vowel reduction in unstressed syllables
- Stress in complex words
- Primary stress in simplex words
- Accent & intonation
- Clitics
- Spelling
- Morphology
- Word formation
- Compounding
- Nominal compounds
- Verbal compounds
- Adjectival compounds
- Affixoids
- Coordinative compounds
- Synthetic compounds
- Reduplicative compounds
- Phrase-based compounds
- Elative compounds
- Exocentric compounds
- Linking elements
- Separable complex verbs (SCVs)
- Gapping of complex words
- Particle verbs
- Copulative compounds
- Derivation
- Numerals
- Derivation: inputs and input restrictions
- The meaning of affixes
- Non-native morphology
- Cohering and non-cohering affixes
- Prefixation
- Suffixation
- Nominal suffixation: person nouns
- Conversion
- Pseudo-participles
- Bound forms
- Nouns
- Nominal prefixes
- Nominal suffixes
- -aal and -eel
- -aar
- -aard
- -aat
- -air
- -aris
- -ast
- Diminutives
- -dom
- -een
- -ees
- -el (nominal)
- -elaar
- -enis
- -er (nominal)
- -erd
- -erik
- -es
- -eur
- -euse
- ge...te
- -heid
- -iaan, -aan
- -ief
- -iek
- -ier
- -ier (French)
- -ière
- -iet
- -igheid
- -ij and allomorphs
- -ijn
- -in
- -ing
- -isme
- -ist
- -iteit
- -ling
- -oir
- -oot
- -rice
- -schap
- -schap (de)
- -schap (het)
- -sel
- -st
- -ster
- -t
- -tal
- -te
- -voud
- Verbs
- Adjectives
- Adverbs
- Univerbation
- Neo-classical word formation
- Construction-dependent morphology
- Morphological productivity
- Compounding
- Inflection
- Inflection and derivation
- Allomorphy
- The interface between phonology and morphology
- Word formation
- Syntax
- Preface and acknowledgements
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- 1 Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of verb phrases I:Argument structure
- 3 Projection of verb phrases II:Verb frame alternations
- Introduction
- 3.1. Main types
- 3.2. Alternations involving the external argument
- 3.3. Alternations of noun phrases and PPs
- 3.3.1. Dative/PP alternations (dative shift)
- 3.3.1.1. Dative alternation with aan-phrases (recipients)
- 3.3.1.2. Dative alternation with naar-phrases (goals)
- 3.3.1.3. Dative alternation with van-phrases (sources)
- 3.3.1.4. Dative alternation with bij-phrases (possessors)
- 3.3.1.5. Dative alternation with voor-phrases (benefactives)
- 3.3.1.6. Conclusion
- 3.3.1.7. Bibliographical notes
- 3.3.2. Accusative/PP alternations
- 3.3.3. Nominative/PP alternations
- 3.3.1. Dative/PP alternations (dative shift)
- 3.4. Some apparent cases of verb frame alternation
- 3.5. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of verb phrases IIIa:Selection of clauses/verb phrases
- 5 Projection of verb phrases IIIb:Argument and complementive clauses
- Introduction
- 5.1. Finite argument clauses
- 5.2. Infinitival argument clauses
- 5.3. Complementive clauses
- 6 Projection of verb phrases IIIc:Complements of non-main verbs
- 7 Projection of verb phrases IIId:Verb clusters
- 8 Projection of verb phrases IV: Adverbial modification
- 9 Word order in the clause I:General introduction
- 10 Word order in the clause II:Position of the finite verb (verb-first/second)
- 11 Word order in the clause III:Clause-initial position (wh-movement)
- Introduction
- 11.1. The formation of V1- and V2-clauses
- 11.2. Clause-initial position remains (phonetically) empty
- 11.3. Clause-initial position is filled
- 12 Word order in the clause IV:Postverbal field (extraposition)
- 13 Word order in the clause V: Middle field (scrambling)
- 14 Main-clause external elements
- Nouns and Noun Phrases
- 1 Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of noun phrases I: complementation
- Introduction
- 2.1. General observations
- 2.2. Prepositional and nominal complements
- 2.3. Clausal complements
- 2.4. Bibliographical notes
- 3 Projection of noun phrases II: modification
- Introduction
- 3.1. Restrictive and non-restrictive modifiers
- 3.2. Premodification
- 3.3. Postmodification
- 3.3.1. Adpositional phrases
- 3.3.2. Relative clauses
- 3.3.3. Infinitival clauses
- 3.3.4. A special case: clauses referring to a proposition
- 3.3.5. Adjectival phrases
- 3.3.6. Adverbial postmodification
- 3.4. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of noun phrases III: binominal constructions
- Introduction
- 4.1. Binominal constructions without a preposition
- 4.2. Binominal constructions with a preposition
- 4.3. Bibliographical notes
- 5 Determiners: articles and pronouns
- Introduction
- 5.1. Articles
- 5.2. Pronouns
- 5.3. Bibliographical notes
- 6 Numerals and quantifiers
- 7 Pre-determiners
- Introduction
- 7.1. The universal quantifier al 'all' and its alternants
- 7.2. The pre-determiner heel 'all/whole'
- 7.3. A note on focus particles
- 7.4. Bibliographical notes
- 8 Syntactic uses of noun phrases
- Adjectives and Adjective Phrases
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- 2 Projection of adjective phrases I: Complementation
- 3 Projection of adjective phrases II: Modification
- 4 Projection of adjective phrases III: Comparison
- 5 Attributive use of the adjective phrase
- 6 Predicative use of the adjective phrase
- 7 The partitive genitive construction
- 8 Adverbial use of the adjective phrase
- 9 Participles and infinitives: their adjectival use
- 10 Special constructions
- Adpositions and adpositional phrases
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- Introduction
- 1.1. Characterization of the category adposition
- 1.2. A formal classification of adpositional phrases
- 1.3. A semantic classification of adpositional phrases
- 1.3.1. Spatial adpositions
- 1.3.2. Temporal adpositions
- 1.3.3. Non-spatial/temporal prepositions
- 1.4. Borderline cases
- 1.5. Bibliographical notes
- 2 Projection of adpositional phrases: Complementation
- 3 Projection of adpositional phrases: Modification
- 4 Syntactic uses of the adpositional phrase
- 5 R-pronominalization and R-words
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- Phonology
- Frisian
- Introduction to Frisian
- Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Phonotactics
- Phonological Processes
- Assimilation
- Vowel nasalization
- Syllabic sonorants
- Final devoicing
- Fake geminates
- Vowel hiatus resolution
- Vowel reduction introduction
- Schwa deletion
- Schwa insertion
- /r/-deletion
- d-insertion
- {s/z}-insertion
- t-deletion
- Intrusive stop formation
- Breaking
- Vowel shortening
- h-deletion
- Replacement of the glide w
- Word stress
- Clitics
- Allomorphy
- Orthography of Frisian
- Morphology
- Inflection
- Word formation
- Derivation
- Prefixation
- Infixation
- Suffixation
- Nominal suffixes
- Verbal suffixes
- Adjectival suffixes
- Adverbial suffixes
- Numeral suffixes
- Interjectional suffixes
- Onomastic suffixes
- Conversion
- Derivation
- Syntax
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Unergative and unaccusative subjects
- Evidentiality
- To-infinitival clauses
- Predication and noun incorporation
- Ellipsis
- Imperativus-pro-Infinitivo
- Expression of irrealis
- Embedded Verb Second
- Agreement
- Negation
- Nouns & Noun Phrases
- Classification
- Complementation
- Modification
- Partitive noun constructions
- Referential partitive constructions
- Partitive measure nouns
- Numeral partitive constructions
- Partitive question constructions
- Nominalised quantifiers
- Kind partitives
- Partitive predication with prepositions
- Bare nominal attributions
- Articles and names
- Pronouns
- Quantifiers and (pre)determiners
- Interrogative pronouns
- R-pronouns
- Syntactic uses
- Adjective Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification and degree quantification
- Comparison by degree
- Comparative
- Superlative
- Equative
- Attribution
- Agreement
- Attributive adjectives vs. prenominal elements
- Complex adjectives
- Noun ellipsis
- Co-occurring adjectives
- Predication
- Partitive adjective constructions
- Adverbial use
- Participles and infinitives
- Adposition Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification
- Intransitive adpositions
- Predication
- Preposition stranding
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- Afrikaans
- Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Overview of Afrikaans vowels
- The rounded and unrounded high front vowels /i/ and /y/
- The diphthongised long vowels /e/, /ø/ and /o/
- The unrounded mid-front vowel /ɛ/
- The unrounded low-central vowel /ɑ/
- The unrounded low-central vowel /a/
- The rounded mid-high back vowel /ɔ/
- The rounded high back vowel /u/
- The unrounded and rounded central vowels /ə/ and /œ/
- The diphthongs /əi/, /œy/ and /œu/
- Overview of Afrikaans Consonants
- The bilabial plosives /p/ and /b/
- The alveolar plosives /t/ and /d/
- The velar plosives /k/ and /g/
- The bilabial nasal /m/
- The alveolar nasal /n/
- The velar nasal /ŋ/
- The trill /r/
- The lateral liquid /l/
- The labiodental fricatives /f/ and /v/
- The alveolar fricatives /s/ and /z/
- The velar fricative /x/
- The approximants /ɦ/, /j/ and /ʋ/
- Overview of Afrikaans vowels
- Word stress
- The phonetic properties of stress
- Primary stress on monomorphemic words in Afrikaans
- Background to primary stress in monomorphemes in Afrikaans
- Overview of the Main Stress Rule of Afrikaans
- The short vowels of Afrikaans
- Long vowels in monomorphemes
- Primary stress on diphthongs in monomorphemes
- Exceptions
- Stress shifts in place names
- Stress shift towards word-final position
- Stress pattern of reduplications
- Phonological Processes
- Phonotactics
- Segment inventory
- Morphology
- Syntax
- Introduction to Noun Phrases
- Introduction to Adjective Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification and degree quantification
- Comparison by comparative, superlative and equative degree
- Attribution
- Predication
- The partitive adjective construction
- Adverbial use
- Participles and infinitives as adjectives
- Introduction to Verb Phrases
- Phonology
The Noun Phrase (NP) which is found in the structural subject position of the copula is interpreted as the prepositional complement object of the infinitive. This is only allowed in case the NP is an R-pronoun:
Der is net mei te praten |
R is not with to talk |
There is no talking to him |
If the object argument is realised as an Adposition Phrase (PP), the copula is introduced by derthere, unless the PP is found in the domain of the copula:
a. | Der is net mei him te laitsjen | ||||||||||||||
there is not with him to laugh | |||||||||||||||
There is no laughing with him |
b. | Mei him is net te praten | ||||||||||||||
with him is not to talk | |||||||||||||||
He is unreasonable |
The construction does not allow a prepositional complement that is not an R-pronoun to be raised to the structural subject position of the copula. Counterexamples are apparent as they involve an empty R-pronoun:
Dy man (dêr) is net mei te praten |
that man R is not with to talk |
That man is completely unreasonable |
It follows that the sentence becomes ungrammatical in case the full NP is forced to occupy the structural subject position:
?*Neffens Jouke is dy man net mei te praten |
according Jouke is that man not with to talk |
According to Jouke, that man is totally unreasonable |
Likewise, a plural NP fails to trigger agreement on the verb:
a. | *Dy mannen binne net mei te praten | ||||||||||||||
that man are not with to talk | |||||||||||||||
Those men are totally unreasonable |
b. | Dy mannen is net mei te praten | ||||||||||||||
that man is not with to talk | |||||||||||||||
Those men are totally unreasonable |
The construction also allows of an understood impersonal subject, and in that case it seems to involve PP-raising:
Mei him is net te praten |
with him is not to talk |
He is unreasonable |
The R-pronoun is interpreted as the prepositional complement, which was empty in the previous examples, but the prepositional complement may also be realised as a personal pronoun:
a. | Der is net mei te praten | ||||||||||||||
R is not with to talk | |||||||||||||||
He is unreasonable |
b. | Der is net mei him te praten | ||||||||||||||
R is not with him to talk | |||||||||||||||
He is unreasonable |
Even if the R-pronoun binds the prepositional complement, it nevertheless does not participate in agreement.
De lju.PL dêr't net mei te praten is.SG |
the people R-REL.COMP not with to talk is |
The people who are totally unreasonable |
If the prepositional complement is realised as a pronoun, then no relativization is possible:
*De lju.PL dêr't net mei har te praten is.SG |
the people R-REL.COMP not with them to talk is |
The people who are totally unreasonable |
- Dutch
- Frisian
- Afrikaans
- Intonation
[78%] Dutch > Phonology > Accent & intonation
- The spelling of vowels
[75%] Dutch > Phonology > Spelling
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[73%] Dutch > Phonology > Phonology-morphology interface > Allomorphy
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[73%] Dutch > Phonology > Phonotactics
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[73%] Dutch > Phonology > Phonological processes
- /t/-deletion before the suffix -st
[79%] Frisian > Phonology > Phonological Processes
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[78%] Frisian > Phonology > Phonological Processes > Final devoicing
- Orthography
[78%] Frisian > Phonology > Orthography of Frisian
- Phonological evidence for cliticization
[78%] Frisian > Phonology > Clitics
- The personal pronoun clitic allomorph se/sə/ 'she, they, them'
[77%] Frisian > Phonology > Allomorphy > Clitic allomorphs
- The phonotactics of Afrikaans
[75%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonotactics
- Homorganic glide insertion
[74%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonological Processes
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[73%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonological Processes > Vowel related processes
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- d-deletion
[71%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonological Processes > Consonant related processes > Consonant cluster simplification: Overview
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- Afrikaans
- Case - the partitive construction
[79%] Dutch > Morphology > Inflection > Nouns > Case
- Separable complex verbs (SCVs)
[77%] Dutch > Morphology > Word formation > Compounding
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[77%] Dutch > Morphology > Inflection > Pronouns
- Adjectival inflection
[75%] Dutch > Morphology > Inflection
- Personal pronouns
[75%] Dutch > Morphology > Inflection > Pronouns
- Degree
[81%] Frisian > Morphology > Inflection > Adjectives
- Ellipsis
[81%] Frisian > Morphology > Inflection > Adjectives
- Personal pronouns
[80%] Frisian > Morphology > Inflection > Pronouns
- In prenominal position
[80%] Frisian > Morphology > Inflection > Adjectives
- Cardinal numbers
[80%] Frisian > Morphology > Inflection > Numerals
- Prefixation
[69%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation > Affixation
- Cohering and non-cohering affixes
[68%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation > Affixation
- Circumfixation
[67%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation > Affixation
- Inputs and input restrictions
[66%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation > Affixation
- Meaning of affixes
[65%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation > Affixation
- Dutch
- Frisian
- Afrikaans
- 3.2.1.3. The regular passive
[84%] Dutch > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases > 3 Projection of verb phrases II:Verb frame alternations > 3.2. Alternations involving the external argument > 3.2.1. Passivization
- 6.5. Clausal subjects
[84%] Dutch > Syntax > Adjectives and Adjective Phrases > 6 Predicative use of the adjective phrase
- 3.2.1.1. General properties of passives
[84%] Dutch > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases > 3 Projection of verb phrases II:Verb frame alternations > 3.2. Alternations involving the external argument > 3.2.1. Passivization
- 6.1. Logical subjects
[84%] Dutch > Syntax > Adjectives and Adjective Phrases > 6 Predicative use of the adjective phrase
- 2.2.2. Non-resultative constructions
[84%] Dutch > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases > 2 Projection of verb phrases I:Argument structure > 2.2. Complementives (secondary predicates)
- Direct object interpretation
[85%] Frisian > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases > To-infinitival clauses > Adjectival to-infinitives > Passive interpretation
- Mapping of prepositional arguments onto syntactic structure
[85%] Frisian > Syntax > Adposition Phrases > Characteristics and classification > Prepositions
- Syntactic positions of the argument IPI
[84%] Frisian > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases > Imperativus-pro-Infinitivo > Argument IPI-constructions
- As prepositional complement
[84%] Frisian > Syntax > Nouns & Noun Phrases > Modification > Relative clauses > Syntactic function
- The PPI-A construction
[83%] Frisian > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases > Expression of irrealis > The verb sille 'shall' > Participio-pro-Infinitivo
- Finite declarative complement clauses: syntactic distribution
[80%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Verb Phrases > Complement clauses > Finite declarative complement clauses
- Argument types
[80%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Adjective Phrases > Predication
- The comparative complement
[80%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Adjective Phrases > Comparison by comparative, superlative and equative degree > Comparative > Lower degree comparative
- Finite interrogative complement clauses: syntactic distribution
[80%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Verb Phrases > Complement clauses > Finite interrogative complement clauses
- Finite interrogative complement clauses: lexical and semantic associations
[79%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Verb Phrases > Complement clauses > Finite interrogative complement clauses
