- Dutch
- Frisian
- Afrikaans
- Dutch
- Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Phonotactics
- Phonological processes
- Phonology-morphology interface
- Word stress
- Primary stress in simplex words
- Monomorphemic words
- Diachronic aspects
- Generalizations on stress placement
- Default penultimate stress
- Lexical stress
- The closed penult restriction
- Final closed syllables
- The diphthong restriction
- Superheavy syllables (SHS)
- The three-syllable window
- Segmental restrictions
- Phonetic correlates
- Stress shifts in loanwords
- Quantity-sensitivity
- Secondary stress
- Vowel reduction in unstressed syllables
- Stress in complex words
- Primary stress in simplex words
- Accent & intonation
- Clitics
- Spelling
- Morphology
- Word formation
- Compounding
- Nominal compounds
- Verbal compounds
- Adjectival compounds
- Affixoids
- Coordinative compounds
- Synthetic compounds
- Reduplicative compounds
- Phrase-based compounds
- Elative compounds
- Exocentric compounds
- Linking elements
- Separable complex verbs (SCVs)
- Gapping of complex words
- Particle verbs
- Copulative compounds
- Derivation
- Numerals
- Derivation: inputs and input restrictions
- The meaning of affixes
- Non-native morphology
- Cohering and non-cohering affixes
- Prefixation
- Suffixation
- Nominal suffixation: person nouns
- Conversion
- Pseudo-participles
- Bound forms
- Nouns
- Nominal prefixes
- Nominal suffixes
- -aal and -eel
- -aar
- -aard
- -aat
- -air
- -aris
- -ast
- Diminutives
- -dom
- -een
- -ees
- -el (nominal)
- -elaar
- -enis
- -er (nominal)
- -erd
- -erik
- -es
- -eur
- -euse
- ge...te
- -heid
- -iaan, -aan
- -ief
- -iek
- -ier
- -ier (French)
- -ière
- -iet
- -igheid
- -ij and allomorphs
- -ijn
- -in
- -ing
- -isme
- -ist
- -iteit
- -ling
- -oir
- -oot
- -rice
- -schap
- -schap (de)
- -schap (het)
- -sel
- -st
- -ster
- -t
- -tal
- -te
- -voud
- Verbs
- Adjectives
- Adverbs
- Univerbation
- Neo-classical word formation
- Construction-dependent morphology
- Morphological productivity
- Compounding
- Inflection
- Inflection and derivation
- Allomorphy
- The interface between phonology and morphology
- Word formation
- Syntax
- Preface and acknowledgements
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- 1 Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of verb phrases I:Argument structure
- 3 Projection of verb phrases II:Verb frame alternations
- Introduction
- 3.1. Main types
- 3.2. Alternations involving the external argument
- 3.3. Alternations of noun phrases and PPs
- 3.3.1. Dative/PP alternations (dative shift)
- 3.3.1.1. Dative alternation with aan-phrases (recipients)
- 3.3.1.2. Dative alternation with naar-phrases (goals)
- 3.3.1.3. Dative alternation with van-phrases (sources)
- 3.3.1.4. Dative alternation with bij-phrases (possessors)
- 3.3.1.5. Dative alternation with voor-phrases (benefactives)
- 3.3.1.6. Conclusion
- 3.3.1.7. Bibliographical notes
- 3.3.2. Accusative/PP alternations
- 3.3.3. Nominative/PP alternations
- 3.3.1. Dative/PP alternations (dative shift)
- 3.4. Some apparent cases of verb frame alternation
- 3.5. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of verb phrases IIIa:Selection of clauses/verb phrases
- 5 Projection of verb phrases IIIb:Argument and complementive clauses
- Introduction
- 5.1. Finite argument clauses
- 5.2. Infinitival argument clauses
- 5.3. Complementive clauses
- 6 Projection of verb phrases IIIc:Complements of non-main verbs
- 7 Projection of verb phrases IIId:Verb clusters
- 8 Projection of verb phrases IV: Adverbial modification
- 9 Word order in the clause I:General introduction
- 10 Word order in the clause II:Position of the finite verb (verb-first/second)
- 11 Word order in the clause III:Clause-initial position (wh-movement)
- Introduction
- 11.1. The formation of V1- and V2-clauses
- 11.2. Clause-initial position remains (phonetically) empty
- 11.3. Clause-initial position is filled
- 12 Word order in the clause IV:Postverbal field (extraposition)
- 13 Word order in the clause V: Middle field (scrambling)
- 14 Main-clause external elements
- Nouns and Noun Phrases
- 1 Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of noun phrases I: complementation
- Introduction
- 2.1. General observations
- 2.2. Prepositional and nominal complements
- 2.3. Clausal complements
- 2.4. Bibliographical notes
- 3 Projection of noun phrases II: modification
- Introduction
- 3.1. Restrictive and non-restrictive modifiers
- 3.2. Premodification
- 3.3. Postmodification
- 3.3.1. Adpositional phrases
- 3.3.2. Relative clauses
- 3.3.3. Infinitival clauses
- 3.3.4. A special case: clauses referring to a proposition
- 3.3.5. Adjectival phrases
- 3.3.6. Adverbial postmodification
- 3.4. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of noun phrases III: binominal constructions
- Introduction
- 4.1. Binominal constructions without a preposition
- 4.2. Binominal constructions with a preposition
- 4.3. Bibliographical notes
- 5 Determiners: articles and pronouns
- Introduction
- 5.1. Articles
- 5.2. Pronouns
- 5.3. Bibliographical notes
- 6 Numerals and quantifiers
- 7 Pre-determiners
- Introduction
- 7.1. The universal quantifier al 'all' and its alternants
- 7.2. The pre-determiner heel 'all/whole'
- 7.3. A note on focus particles
- 7.4. Bibliographical notes
- 8 Syntactic uses of noun phrases
- Adjectives and Adjective Phrases
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- 2 Projection of adjective phrases I: Complementation
- 3 Projection of adjective phrases II: Modification
- 4 Projection of adjective phrases III: Comparison
- 5 Attributive use of the adjective phrase
- 6 Predicative use of the adjective phrase
- 7 The partitive genitive construction
- 8 Adverbial use of the adjective phrase
- 9 Participles and infinitives: their adjectival use
- 10 Special constructions
- Adpositions and adpositional phrases
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- Introduction
- 1.1. Characterization of the category adposition
- 1.2. A formal classification of adpositional phrases
- 1.3. A semantic classification of adpositional phrases
- 1.3.1. Spatial adpositions
- 1.3.2. Temporal adpositions
- 1.3.3. Non-spatial/temporal prepositions
- 1.4. Borderline cases
- 1.5. Bibliographical notes
- 2 Projection of adpositional phrases: Complementation
- 3 Projection of adpositional phrases: Modification
- 4 Syntactic uses of the adpositional phrase
- 5 R-pronominalization and R-words
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- Phonology
- Frisian
- Introduction to Frisian
- Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Phonotactics
- Phonological Processes
- Assimilation
- Vowel nasalization
- Syllabic sonorants
- Final devoicing
- Fake geminates
- Vowel hiatus resolution
- Vowel reduction introduction
- Schwa deletion
- Schwa insertion
- /r/-deletion
- d-insertion
- {s/z}-insertion
- t-deletion
- Intrusive stop formation
- Breaking
- Vowel shortening
- h-deletion
- Replacement of the glide w
- Word stress
- Clitics
- Allomorphy
- Orthography of Frisian
- Morphology
- Inflection
- Word formation
- Derivation
- Prefixation
- Infixation
- Suffixation
- Nominal suffixes
- Verbal suffixes
- Adjectival suffixes
- Adverbial suffixes
- Numeral suffixes
- Interjectional suffixes
- Onomastic suffixes
- Conversion
- Derivation
- Syntax
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Unergative and unaccusative subjects
- Evidentiality
- To-infinitival clauses
- Predication and noun incorporation
- Ellipsis
- Imperativus-pro-Infinitivo
- Expression of irrealis
- Embedded Verb Second
- Agreement
- Negation
- Nouns & Noun Phrases
- Classification
- Complementation
- Modification
- Partitive noun constructions
- Referential partitive constructions
- Partitive measure nouns
- Numeral partitive constructions
- Partitive question constructions
- Nominalised quantifiers
- Kind partitives
- Partitive predication with prepositions
- Bare nominal attributions
- Articles and names
- Pronouns
- Quantifiers and (pre)determiners
- Interrogative pronouns
- R-pronouns
- Syntactic uses
- Adjective Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification and degree quantification
- Comparison by degree
- Comparative
- Superlative
- Equative
- Attribution
- Agreement
- Attributive adjectives vs. prenominal elements
- Complex adjectives
- Noun ellipsis
- Co-occurring adjectives
- Predication
- Partitive adjective constructions
- Adverbial use
- Participles and infinitives
- Adposition Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification
- Intransitive adpositions
- Predication
- Preposition stranding
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- Afrikaans
- Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Overview of Afrikaans vowels
- The rounded and unrounded high front vowels /i/ and /y/
- The diphthongised long vowels /e/, /ø/ and /o/
- The unrounded mid-front vowel /ɛ/
- The unrounded low-central vowel /ɑ/
- The unrounded low-central vowel /a/
- The rounded mid-high back vowel /ɔ/
- The rounded high back vowel /u/
- The unrounded and rounded central vowels /ə/ and /œ/
- The diphthongs /əi/, /œy/ and /œu/
- Overview of Afrikaans Consonants
- The bilabial plosives /p/ and /b/
- The alveolar plosives /t/ and /d/
- The velar plosives /k/ and /g/
- The bilabial nasal /m/
- The alveolar nasal /n/
- The velar nasal /ŋ/
- The trill /r/
- The lateral liquid /l/
- The labiodental fricatives /f/ and /v/
- The alveolar fricatives /s/ and /z/
- The velar fricative /x/
- The approximants /ɦ/, /j/ and /ʋ/
- Overview of Afrikaans vowels
- Word stress
- The phonetic properties of stress
- Primary stress on monomorphemic words in Afrikaans
- Background to primary stress in monomorphemes in Afrikaans
- Overview of the Main Stress Rule of Afrikaans
- The short vowels of Afrikaans
- Long vowels in monomorphemes
- Primary stress on diphthongs in monomorphemes
- Exceptions
- Stress shifts in place names
- Stress shift towards word-final position
- Stress pattern of reduplications
- Phonological Processes
- Phonotactics
- Segment inventory
- Morphology
- Syntax
- Introduction to Noun Phrases
- Introduction to Adjective Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification and degree quantification
- Comparison by comparative, superlative and equative degree
- Attribution
- Predication
- The partitive adjective construction
- Adverbial use
- Participles and infinitives as adjectives
- Introduction to Verb Phrases
- Phonology
The suffix -zaam (/za:m/ or /sa:m/) is an unproductive affix occuring in combination with verbs and forming adjectives with the meaning 'having a tendency/ability to X': zwijgento be silent > zwijgzaamtaciturn, wakento watch > waakzaamwatchful. In other cases, the stem is nominal or adjectival rather than verbal: deugdvirtue > deugdzaamvirtuous, zeldenrarely > zeldzaamrare or is not a currently existing free lexical item, as in moeizaamdifficult.
-zaam attaches mainly to stems of transitive verbs, the resulting meaning is 'having a tendency/ability to X': sparento save > spaarzaamthrifty. economical, voedento feed > voedzaamnourishing. In the few cases where the base verb is ergative, the adjective does not relate to the subject of the verb, but to another semantic element: groeiento grow > groeizaam weerweather favourable for growing.
In some cases, the semantic relationship between the base and the derived adjective is idiosyncratic: minnento love > minzaamamiable, handhand > handzaamhandy, manageable, herbergento house > (on)herbergzaam(in)hospitable.
Most verbal bases are Germanic and monomorphemic. Exceptions to the latter are words such as behoedzaambe-hoed-zaamcautious, verdraagzaamver-draag-zaamtolerant, mededeelzaammede-deel-zaamcommunicative, opmerkzaamop-merk-zaamattentive.
A number of complex adjectives ending in -zaam have non-verbal bases; examples are the denominal deugdzaamvirtuous (from deugdvirtue and vreedzaampeaceful (from vredepeace) and deadjectival langzaamslow (from langlong), gemeenzaamcommon, shared (from gemeencommon) and zeldzaamrare (from zeldenrarely). Special cases are bedachtzaamcautious, deliberate which has as its base a past participle (the stem of the verb being bedenkthink (about), consider) and behulpzaamhelpful, based on a lost variant of (zich be)helpento help (oneself). Finally, there is eenzaamlonely, a loan translation from German, where it is based on a numeral.
In some cases, syntactic properties from the base carry over to the derivation. For example, the verb werkento work occurs with the prepositions bijwith, at or voorfor; both prepositions also appear with the derived adjective werkzaam: werkzaam bijworking with/at, werkzaam voorworking for.
-zaam has two phonologically conditioned allomorphs: /za:m/ and /sa:m/. The latter occurs as the result of progressive assimilation after stems ending in a voiceless obstruent. -zaam is a non-cohering affix and does not bear stress. However, it can influence the stress pattern of the base as it requires the main stress to be on the last stem syllable: opmerken/'opmerken/remark > opmerkzaam/op'merkzaam/remarkable. If a base ends in a syllable with schwa as nucleus, this syllable is deleted before the affix vredepeace > vreedzaampeaceful, mededogencompassion > mededoogzaamcompassionate, zeldenrarely > zeldzaamrare.
Adjectives ending in -zaam can serve as input for other words, especially nominalizations in -heid (buigzaamheidflexibility) and adjectives prefixed with on- (onbuigzaamrigid. In some cases, only the on--form exists: onachtzaamcareless but *achtzaam. Verbalization is not possible, with the exception of veronachtzamento neglect, vereenzamento grow lonely en verlangzamento slow down, all of which have the verbalizing prefix ver-.
- Dutch
- Frisian
- Afrikaans
- Intonation
[77%] Dutch > Phonology > Accent & intonation
- Acoustic correlates of stress
[77%] Dutch > Phonology > Accent & intonation
- Stem allomorphy
[75%] Dutch > Phonology > Phonology-morphology interface > Allomorphy
- Phonotactics at the word level
[75%] Dutch > Phonology > Phonotactics
- Phonological processes in casual speech
[75%] Dutch > Phonology > Phonological processes
- /d/-insertion in the sequences /nər/, /lər/, and /rər/
[80%] Frisian > Phonology > Phonological Processes
- The phonological domain of Final Devoicing
[80%] Frisian > Phonology > Phonological Processes > Final devoicing
- Verb stems (present tense stems) with and without final consonant
[79%] Frisian > Phonology > Allomorphy
- Orthography
[79%] Frisian > Phonology > Orthography of Frisian
- Phonological evidence for cliticization
[79%] Frisian > Phonology > Clitics
- The phonotactics of Afrikaans
[76%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonotactics
- Length variation of low back vowels a aa
[74%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonological Processes > Vowel related processes
- d-deletion
[74%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonological Processes > Consonant related processes > Consonant cluster simplification: Overview
- Nasalization
[74%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonological Processes > Vowel related processes
- Rhotacism
[74%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonological Processes > Consonant related processes
- Dutch
- Frisian
- Afrikaans
- -s
[81%] Dutch > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation > Adjectives > Adjectival suffixes
- -achtig
[81%] Dutch > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation > Adjectives > Adjectival suffixes
- Separable complex verbs (SCVs)
[81%] Dutch > Morphology > Word formation > Compounding
- -ig
[81%] Dutch > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation > Adjectives > Adjectival suffixes
- -(e)lijk
[80%] Dutch > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation > Adjectives > Adjectival suffixes
- -ich
[84%] Frisian > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation > Suffixation > Adjectival suffixes > Noun as base
- -lik
[83%] Frisian > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation > Suffixation > Adjectival suffixes > Verb as base
- -DIM (diminutive)
[83%] Frisian > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation > Suffixation > Nominal suffixes > Noun as base
- -sk
[82%] Frisian > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation > Suffixation > Adjectival suffixes > Noun as base
- -ber
[82%] Frisian > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation > Suffixation > Adjectival suffixes > Verb as base
- Pseudo-participles
[75%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation > Affixation
- Inputs and input restrictions
[74%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation > Affixation
- Prefixation
[74%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation > Affixation
- -ies (ADJZ)
[74%] Afrikaans > Morphology > List of affixes
- -baar (ADJZ)
[73%] Afrikaans > Morphology > List of affixes
- Dutch
- Frisian
- Afrikaans
- 1.3. Inflection
[79%] Dutch > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases > 1 Characterization and classification
- 2.2.3.1. Agentive er-nominalizations
[79%] Dutch > Syntax > Nouns and Noun Phrases > 2 Projection of noun phrases I: complementation > 2.2. Prepositional and nominal complements > 2.2.3. Deverbal nouns
- 1.3.2. Deadjectival nouns
[79%] Dutch > Syntax > Nouns and Noun Phrases > 1 Characterization and classification > 1.3. Derivation of nouns
- 5.5. Co-occurring adjectives
[78%] Dutch > Syntax > Adjectives and Adjective Phrases > 5 Attributive use of the adjective phrase
- 3.3.2. Accusative/PP alternations
[78%] Dutch > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases > 3 Projection of verb phrases II:Verb frame alternations > 3.3. Alternations of noun phrases and PPs
- Verbs and Verb Phrases in Frisian
[76%] Frisian > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases
- Restriction of the B-construction to modals
[75%] Frisian > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases > Expression of irrealis
- The intransitive postposition om 'around' as a verbal diminutive
[75%] Frisian > Syntax > Adposition Phrases > Intransitive adpositions
- The adverb of manner & degree sa 'so' and negation
[75%] Frisian > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases > Negation
- Combining with to-infinitives
[75%] Frisian > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases > Predication and noun incorporation > Copulas
- Mood
[80%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Verb Phrases > Characterization and classification
- The regular passive
[78%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Verb Phrases > Alternations > Alternations involving the external argument > Passivisation
- Inflection and derivation
[78%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Verb Phrases > Characterization and classification
- Attribution
[78%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Adjective Phrases
- Finite interrogative complement clauses: syntactic distribution
[77%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Verb Phrases > Complement clauses > Finite interrogative complement clauses
