- Dutch
- Frisian
- Afrikaans
- Dutch
- Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Phonotactics
- Phonological processes
- Phonology-morphology interface
- Word stress
- Primary stress in simplex words
- Monomorphemic words
- Diachronic aspects
- Generalizations on stress placement
- Default penultimate stress
- Lexical stress
- The closed penult restriction
- Final closed syllables
- The diphthong restriction
- Superheavy syllables (SHS)
- The three-syllable window
- Segmental restrictions
- Phonetic correlates
- Stress shifts in loanwords
- Quantity-sensitivity
- Secondary stress
- Vowel reduction in unstressed syllables
- Stress in complex words
- Primary stress in simplex words
- Accent & intonation
- Clitics
- Spelling
- Morphology
- Word formation
- Compounding
- Nominal compounds
- Verbal compounds
- Adjectival compounds
- Affixoids
- Coordinative compounds
- Synthetic compounds
- Reduplicative compounds
- Phrase-based compounds
- Elative compounds
- Exocentric compounds
- Linking elements
- Separable complex verbs (SCVs)
- Gapping of complex words
- Particle verbs
- Copulative compounds
- Derivation
- Numerals
- Derivation: inputs and input restrictions
- The meaning of affixes
- Non-native morphology
- Cohering and non-cohering affixes
- Prefixation
- Suffixation
- Nominal suffixation: person nouns
- Conversion
- Pseudo-participles
- Bound forms
- Nouns
- Nominal prefixes
- Nominal suffixes
- -aal and -eel
- -aar
- -aard
- -aat
- -air
- -aris
- -ast
- Diminutives
- -dom
- -een
- -ees
- -el (nominal)
- -elaar
- -enis
- -er (nominal)
- -erd
- -erik
- -es
- -eur
- -euse
- ge...te
- -heid
- -iaan, -aan
- -ief
- -iek
- -ier
- -ier (French)
- -ière
- -iet
- -igheid
- -ij and allomorphs
- -ijn
- -in
- -ing
- -isme
- -ist
- -iteit
- -ling
- -oir
- -oot
- -rice
- -schap
- -schap (de)
- -schap (het)
- -sel
- -st
- -ster
- -t
- -tal
- -te
- -voud
- Verbs
- Adjectives
- Adverbs
- Univerbation
- Neo-classical word formation
- Construction-dependent morphology
- Morphological productivity
- Compounding
- Inflection
- Inflection and derivation
- Allomorphy
- The interface between phonology and morphology
- Word formation
- Syntax
- Preface and acknowledgements
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- 1 Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of verb phrases I:Argument structure
- 3 Projection of verb phrases II:Verb frame alternations
- Introduction
- 3.1. Main types
- 3.2. Alternations involving the external argument
- 3.3. Alternations of noun phrases and PPs
- 3.3.1. Dative/PP alternations (dative shift)
- 3.3.1.1. Dative alternation with aan-phrases (recipients)
- 3.3.1.2. Dative alternation with naar-phrases (goals)
- 3.3.1.3. Dative alternation with van-phrases (sources)
- 3.3.1.4. Dative alternation with bij-phrases (possessors)
- 3.3.1.5. Dative alternation with voor-phrases (benefactives)
- 3.3.1.6. Conclusion
- 3.3.1.7. Bibliographical notes
- 3.3.2. Accusative/PP alternations
- 3.3.3. Nominative/PP alternations
- 3.3.1. Dative/PP alternations (dative shift)
- 3.4. Some apparent cases of verb frame alternation
- 3.5. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of verb phrases IIIa:Selection of clauses/verb phrases
- 5 Projection of verb phrases IIIb:Argument and complementive clauses
- Introduction
- 5.1. Finite argument clauses
- 5.2. Infinitival argument clauses
- 5.3. Complementive clauses
- 6 Projection of verb phrases IIIc:Complements of non-main verbs
- 7 Projection of verb phrases IIId:Verb clusters
- 8 Projection of verb phrases IV: Adverbial modification
- 9 Word order in the clause I:General introduction
- 10 Word order in the clause II:Position of the finite verb (verb-first/second)
- 11 Word order in the clause III:Clause-initial position (wh-movement)
- Introduction
- 11.1. The formation of V1- and V2-clauses
- 11.2. Clause-initial position remains (phonetically) empty
- 11.3. Clause-initial position is filled
- 12 Word order in the clause IV:Postverbal field (extraposition)
- 13 Word order in the clause V: Middle field (scrambling)
- 14 Main-clause external elements
- Nouns and Noun Phrases
- 1 Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of noun phrases I: complementation
- Introduction
- 2.1. General observations
- 2.2. Prepositional and nominal complements
- 2.3. Clausal complements
- 2.4. Bibliographical notes
- 3 Projection of noun phrases II: modification
- Introduction
- 3.1. Restrictive and non-restrictive modifiers
- 3.2. Premodification
- 3.3. Postmodification
- 3.3.1. Adpositional phrases
- 3.3.2. Relative clauses
- 3.3.3. Infinitival clauses
- 3.3.4. A special case: clauses referring to a proposition
- 3.3.5. Adjectival phrases
- 3.3.6. Adverbial postmodification
- 3.4. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of noun phrases III: binominal constructions
- Introduction
- 4.1. Binominal constructions without a preposition
- 4.2. Binominal constructions with a preposition
- 4.3. Bibliographical notes
- 5 Determiners: articles and pronouns
- Introduction
- 5.1. Articles
- 5.2. Pronouns
- 5.3. Bibliographical notes
- 6 Numerals and quantifiers
- 7 Pre-determiners
- Introduction
- 7.1. The universal quantifier al 'all' and its alternants
- 7.2. The pre-determiner heel 'all/whole'
- 7.3. A note on focus particles
- 7.4. Bibliographical notes
- 8 Syntactic uses of noun phrases
- Adjectives and Adjective Phrases
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- 2 Projection of adjective phrases I: Complementation
- 3 Projection of adjective phrases II: Modification
- 4 Projection of adjective phrases III: Comparison
- 5 Attributive use of the adjective phrase
- 6 Predicative use of the adjective phrase
- 7 The partitive genitive construction
- 8 Adverbial use of the adjective phrase
- 9 Participles and infinitives: their adjectival use
- 10 Special constructions
- Adpositions and adpositional phrases
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- Introduction
- 1.1. Characterization of the category adposition
- 1.2. A formal classification of adpositional phrases
- 1.3. A semantic classification of adpositional phrases
- 1.3.1. Spatial adpositions
- 1.3.2. Temporal adpositions
- 1.3.3. Non-spatial/temporal prepositions
- 1.4. Borderline cases
- 1.5. Bibliographical notes
- 2 Projection of adpositional phrases: Complementation
- 3 Projection of adpositional phrases: Modification
- 4 Syntactic uses of the adpositional phrase
- 5 R-pronominalization and R-words
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- Phonology
- Frisian
- Introduction to Frisian
- Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Phonotactics
- Phonological Processes
- Assimilation
- Vowel nasalization
- Syllabic sonorants
- Final devoicing
- Fake geminates
- Vowel hiatus resolution
- Vowel reduction introduction
- Schwa deletion
- Schwa insertion
- /r/-deletion
- d-insertion
- {s/z}-insertion
- t-deletion
- Intrusive stop formation
- Breaking
- Vowel shortening
- h-deletion
- Replacement of the glide w
- Word stress
- Clitics
- Allomorphy
- Orthography of Frisian
- Morphology
- Inflection
- Word formation
- Derivation
- Prefixation
- Infixation
- Suffixation
- Nominal suffixes
- Verbal suffixes
- Adjectival suffixes
- Adverbial suffixes
- Numeral suffixes
- Interjectional suffixes
- Onomastic suffixes
- Conversion
- Derivation
- Syntax
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Unergative and unaccusative subjects
- Evidentiality
- To-infinitival clauses
- Predication and noun incorporation
- Ellipsis
- Imperativus-pro-Infinitivo
- Expression of irrealis
- Embedded Verb Second
- Agreement
- Negation
- Nouns & Noun Phrases
- Classification
- Complementation
- Modification
- Partitive noun constructions
- Referential partitive constructions
- Partitive measure nouns
- Numeral partitive constructions
- Partitive question constructions
- Nominalised quantifiers
- Kind partitives
- Partitive predication with prepositions
- Bare nominal attributions
- Articles and names
- Pronouns
- Quantifiers and (pre)determiners
- Interrogative pronouns
- R-pronouns
- Syntactic uses
- Adjective Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification and degree quantification
- Comparison by degree
- Comparative
- Superlative
- Equative
- Attribution
- Agreement
- Attributive adjectives vs. prenominal elements
- Complex adjectives
- Noun ellipsis
- Co-occurring adjectives
- Predication
- Partitive adjective constructions
- Adverbial use
- Participles and infinitives
- Adposition Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification
- Intransitive adpositions
- Predication
- Preposition stranding
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- Afrikaans
- Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Overview of Afrikaans vowels
- The rounded and unrounded high front vowels /i/ and /y/
- The diphthongised long vowels /e/, /ø/ and /o/
- The unrounded mid-front vowel /ɛ/
- The unrounded low-central vowel /ɑ/
- The unrounded low-central vowel /a/
- The rounded mid-high back vowel /ɔ/
- The rounded high back vowel /u/
- The unrounded and rounded central vowels /ə/ and /œ/
- The diphthongs /əi/, /œy/ and /œu/
- Overview of Afrikaans Consonants
- The bilabial plosives /p/ and /b/
- The alveolar plosives /t/ and /d/
- The velar plosives /k/ and /g/
- The bilabial nasal /m/
- The alveolar nasal /n/
- The velar nasal /ŋ/
- The trill /r/
- The lateral liquid /l/
- The labiodental fricatives /f/ and /v/
- The alveolar fricatives /s/ and /z/
- The velar fricative /x/
- The approximants /ɦ/, /j/ and /ʋ/
- Overview of Afrikaans vowels
- Word stress
- The phonetic properties of stress
- Primary stress on monomorphemic words in Afrikaans
- Background to primary stress in monomorphemes in Afrikaans
- Overview of the Main Stress Rule of Afrikaans
- The short vowels of Afrikaans
- Long vowels in monomorphemes
- Primary stress on diphthongs in monomorphemes
- Exceptions
- Stress shifts in place names
- Stress shift towards word-final position
- Stress pattern of reduplications
- Phonological Processes
- Phonotactics
- Segment inventory
- Morphology
- Syntax
- Introduction to Noun Phrases
- Introduction to Adjective Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification and degree quantification
- Comparison by comparative, superlative and equative degree
- Attribution
- Predication
- The partitive adjective construction
- Adverbial use
- Participles and infinitives as adjectives
- Introduction to Verb Phrases
- Phonology
The adjectival suffix -s/s/ appears with a variety of input words. The resulting adjectives form a heterogeneous group. A few examples, sorted according to input type, illustrate the range of the phenomenon:
Input: common nouns | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
a. | slaafs | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
slaaf-s | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
slave-SUFF | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
slavish | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
b. | werelds | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
wereld-s | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
world-SUFF | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
worldly | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
c. | zomers | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
zomer-s | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
summer-SUFF | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
summery |
Input: proper names and related derivatives | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
a. | Luthers | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Luther-s | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Luther-SUFF | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lutheran | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
b. | Freudiaans | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Freud-iaan-s | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Freud-ian-SUFF | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Freudian |
Input: verbs | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
a. | broeds | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
broed-s | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
breed-SUFF | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
broody | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
b. | speels | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
speel-s | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
play-SUFF | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
playful |
Input: adjectives and other categories | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
a. | groots | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
groot-s | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
big-SUFF | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
grand, magnificent | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
b. | bovengronds | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
boven-grond-s | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
above-ground-SUFF | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
surface | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
c. | wijdbeens | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
wijd-been-s | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
wide-leg-SUFF | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
with spread legs | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
d. | doordeweeks | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
door-de-week-s | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
through-the-week-SUFF | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
weekday |
The semantics of the derivations is too diverse to be usefully expressed in a common formula. Read more below for the individual subgroups.
Adjectives with the suffix -s inflect like ordinary adjectives. Whether they are available for comparation depends on the semantics of the complex word. Adjectives denoting gradable properties can inflect for degree (schoolsermore school-like) while those expressing relational or absolute properties cannot (*doordeweeksermore weekday).
In some cases, the base is not or no longer a word of Dutch, so its category cannot be ascertained. An example is wulpsvoluptuous.
A special use of -s, discussed separately, is found in geographical adjectives (see here).
Adjectives formed from common nouns and the suffix -s express a property related to the meaning of the noun. This is possibly the commonst group of -s derivations, even though it is not productive. Examples are duiveldevil > duivelsdevilish, boerfarmer > boersrustic, coarse, schalkimp > schalksimpish, dooddeath > doodsdeathly, hemelheaven > hemelsheavenly, schoolschool > schoolsschool-like, regimented. Besides, there are forms with idiosyncratic meanings, such as kerkschurch-SUFFreligious, devout or haakshook-SUFForthogonal.
A similar type of adjective is formed from nouns denoting days, months or seasons: zondagse broekSunday trousers, maartse buiMarch shower, zomerse picknicksummer picnic. Depending on context, the meaning is 'typical for X' or 'meant for X'. Similar derivations related to timespans are forms ending in -lijks (discussed here).
This type of adjective appears in two variants: with proper names and with person nouns ending in -(i)aan. The meaning in both cases is '(as) by/from X, connected with X' or 'following (the school or teachings of) X'. Examples for the first type are de Lutherse bijbelthe Lutheran bible and de Wittgensteinse traditiethe Wittgensteinian tradition. It is possible to think of other adjectives as related to this type, e.g. protestantsprotestant, roomsbelonging to the Church of Rome, catholic and joodsJewish. Here, the bases are not proper names (or, in the case of rooms, the name belongs to a city rather than a person, however, the adjective does not mean 'from Rome'), but the semantic effect of the derivation is similar.
The second type is more common, examples are Wagneriaansin the style of Wagner, FreudiaansFreudian and franciscaansFranciscan. In many cases, the adjectives are more common than the corresponding base nouns ending in -iaan, which suggests that there may be a morphological schema for deriving adjectives with -(i)aans directly. The process is productive and can be extended easily to new person names.
This group is small, the most common examples are broedsbroody, loopsin heat, speelsplayful, steelsstealthy and waakswatchful. The meaning in all cases is 'having the tendency to X', which appears extended in idiosyncratic ways in broedsbreed-SUFFbroody and loopsrun-SUFFin heat. Synthetic compounds such as goedgeefsgenerous, goedlachscheery may also be analyzed as members of this group because they are partially verbal.
The suffix -s appears with still other types of input. Grootsgrand is derived from the adjective grootbig. This is an exceptional case. More common are adjectives formed from word sequences, especially consisting of preposition-noun-combinations, as in naoorlogspost-war, overzeesoverseas, naschoolsafter school and buitenaardsextraterrestial. Note that the two words do not necessarily form a word group: na schoolafter school but *na oorlog*after war. Other complex bases are numeral-noun (tweedaagstwo day), adjective-noun (platvloerscoarse), root-noun (midscheepsmidship) and phrases ( doordeweeksweekday, laag-bij-de-grondsmean, cruel, low). The semantics is transparent in most cases, but not easily generalizable. Common semantic domains are temporal, spatial and manner.
Adjectives with the suffix -s do not easily serve as input for further derivation. In some cases, nominalization is possible, especially for the deverbal cases, but only with the suffix -heid, see speelsheidplayfulness and goedlachsheidcheeriness, but also schoolsheidregimentation and aardsheidearthliness, worldliness.
- Dutch
- Frisian
- Afrikaans
- Stem allomorphy
[80%] Dutch > Phonology > Phonology-morphology interface > Allomorphy
- Intonation
[80%] Dutch > Phonology > Accent & intonation
- Acoustic correlates of stress
[80%] Dutch > Phonology > Accent & intonation
- Phonological processes in casual speech
[79%] Dutch > Phonology > Phonological processes
- Diminutive allomorphy
[78%] Dutch > Phonology > Phonology-morphology interface > Allomorphy
- The phonological domain of Final Devoicing
[84%] Frisian > Phonology > Phonological Processes > Final devoicing
- /d/-insertion in the sequences /nər/, /lər/, and /rər/
[84%] Frisian > Phonology > Phonological Processes
- Orthography
[84%] Frisian > Phonology > Orthography of Frisian
- /t/-deletion before the suffix -st
[83%] Frisian > Phonology > Phonological Processes
- /{s/z}/-insertion between /{t/d}/ and /jə/
[82%] Frisian > Phonology > Phonological Processes
- Nasalization
[80%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonological Processes > Vowel related processes
- The phonotactics of Afrikaans
[79%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonotactics
- Homorganic glide insertion
[79%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonological Processes
- Rhotacism
[79%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonological Processes > Consonant related processes
- d-deletion
[78%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonological Processes > Consonant related processes > Consonant cluster simplification: Overview
- Dutch
- Frisian
- Afrikaans
- Adjectival inflection
[86%] Dutch > Morphology > Inflection
- -achtig
[85%] Dutch > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation > Adjectives > Adjectival suffixes
- -erig
[84%] Dutch > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation > Adjectives > Adjectival suffixes
- Geographical adjectives ending in -s
[84%] Dutch > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation > Adjectives > Adjectival suffixes > Geographical adjectives
- -ig
[83%] Dutch > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation > Adjectives > Adjectival suffixes
- In prenominal position
[86%] Frisian > Morphology > Inflection > Adjectives
- -DIM (diminutive)
[86%] Frisian > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation > Suffixation > Nominal suffixes > Noun as base
- -s
[85%] Frisian > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation > Suffixation > Adverbial suffixes > Noun as base
- -sk
[85%] Frisian > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation > Suffixation > Adjectival suffixes > Noun as base
- Degree
[84%] Frisian > Morphology > Inflection > Adjectives
- Inputs and input restrictions
[80%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation > Affixation
- Affixation
[79%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation
- -ies (ADJZ)
[77%] Afrikaans > Morphology > List of affixes
- Prefixation
[77%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation > Affixation
- Meaning of affixes
[77%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation > Affixation
- Dutch
- Frisian
- Afrikaans
- 1.3.3. Relational adjectives
[85%] Dutch > Syntax > Adjectives and Adjective Phrases > 1 Characteristics and classification > 1.3. A semantic classification
- 1.3.2. Deadjectival nouns
[85%] Dutch > Syntax > Nouns and Noun Phrases > 1 Characterization and classification > 1.3. Derivation of nouns
- 5.5. Co-occurring adjectives
[84%] Dutch > Syntax > Adjectives and Adjective Phrases > 5 Attributive use of the adjective phrase
- 1.3.2.1. The set-denoting property
[83%] Dutch > Syntax > Adjectives and Adjective Phrases > 1 Characteristics and classification > 1.3. A semantic classification > 1.3.2. Set-denoting adjectives
- 1.3.2.2. Semantic classification
[83%] Dutch > Syntax > Adjectives and Adjective Phrases > 1 Characteristics and classification > 1.3. A semantic classification > 1.3.2. Set-denoting adjectives
- The adverb of manner & degree sa 'so' and negation
[78%] Frisian > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases > Negation
- Verbs and Verb Phrases in Frisian
[78%] Frisian > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases
- The past imperative as the expression of the irrealis
[78%] Frisian > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases > Expression of irrealis
- Combining with to-infinitives
[78%] Frisian > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases > Predication and noun incorporation > Copulas
- Simple APs
[77%] Frisian > Syntax > Nouns & Noun Phrases > Modification > APs
- Mood
[83%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Verb Phrases > Characterization and classification
- Attribution
[81%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Adjective Phrases
- Finite declarative complement clauses: construction forms
[80%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Verb Phrases > Complement clauses > Finite declarative complement clauses
- Reported speech in Afrikaans: syntactic distribution
[80%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Verb Phrases > Complement clauses > Reported speech in Afrikaans
- Finite interrogative complement clauses: syntactic distribution
[80%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Verb Phrases > Complement clauses > Finite interrogative complement clauses
