• Dutch
  • Frisian
  • Afrikaans
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    Abbreviations
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    [+]Abbreviations of corpora

    Table 1
    Abbreviation Reference
    ATKV-TG ATKV and CTexT. 2019. NWU/ATKV-Taalgenootkorpus 1.0 [NWU/ATKV Taalgenoot corpus 1.0]. Potchefstroom: CTexT, North-West University. Available at: http://viva-afrikaans.org.
    ATKV-TT ATKV and CTexT. 2018. NWU/ATKV-Tienertoneelkorpus 1.0 [NWU/ATKV teenager drama corpus 1.0]. Potchefstroom: CTexT, North-West University. Available at: http://viva-afrikaans.org.
    HCSA Kirsten, J. 2015. Historiese Korpus van Standaardafrikaans 1.0 [Historical Corpus of Standard Afrikaans 1.0]. Vanderbijlpark: North-West University.
    Lapa Lapa-uitgewers and CTexT. 2015. NWU/Lapa corpus 1.3. Potchefstroom: CTexT, North-West University. Available at: http://viva-afrikaans.org.
    Leipzig Goldhahn, D. Eckart, T. & Quasthoff, U. 2012. Building Large Monolingual Dictionaries at the Leipzig Corpora Collection: From 100 to 200 Languages. In: Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC'12), 2012. Available at: http://viva-afrikaans.org.
    Maroela Maroela Media and CTexT. 2015. NWU-Maroela Media corpus 1.5. Potchefstroom: CTexT, North-West University. Available at: http://viva-afrikaans.org.
    NCHLT-A Department of Arts and Culture and CTexT. 2013. Afrikaans NCHLT Text Corpora. Potchefstroom: CTexT, North-West University. ISLRN: 544-932-849-161-3. Available: SADiLaR website
    NWU-CC CTexT. 2019. NWU Kommentaarkorpus 1.2 [NWU Commentary Corpus 1.2]. Potchefstroom: CTexT, North-West University. Available at: http://viva-afrikaans.org.
    PCSA Ponelis, F.A. 1976. Ponelis Korpus van Gesproke Afrikaans 1.0 [Ponelis Corpus of Spoken Afrikaans 1.0]. Stellenbosch: Stellenbosch University. Available at: http://viva-afrikaans.org.
    Protea Protea Boekhuis and CTexT. 2015. PUK/Protea Boekhuis corpus 2.2. Potchefstroom: CTexT, North-West University. Available at: http://viva-afrikaans.org.
    RSG Radio Sonder Grense and CTexT. 2015. RSG-nuuskorpus 2.3 [RSG news corpus 2.3]. Potchefstroom: CTexT, North-West University. Available at: http://viva-afrikaans.org.
    THT Tracing History Trust and CTexT. 2019. NWU/THT corpus 1.3. Potchefstroom: CTexT, North-West University. Available at: http://viva-afrikaans.org.
    TK Taalkommissie van die Suid-Afrikaanse Akademie vir Wetenskap en Kuns. 2011. Taalkommissiekorpus 1.1 [Language commission corpus 1.1]. Potchefstroom: CTexT, North-West University. Available at: http://viva-afrikaans.org.
    VivA-KPO Virtuele Instituut vir Afrikaans (VivA). 2020. Korpusportaal Omvattend: Versameling Afrikaanse korpusse [Corpus portal comprehensive: Collection Afrikaans corpora]. Available at: http://viva-afrikaans.org.
    VivA-SP Virtuele Instituut vir Afrikaans (VivA). 2018. Spraakkorpus 1.0 [Speech corpus 1.0]. Available at: http://viva-afrikaans.org.
    Wikipedia CTexT. 2019. CTexT Wikipedia-korpus 1.2 [CTexT Wikipedia corpus 1.2]. Potchefstroom: CTexT, North-West University. Available at: http://viva-afrikaans.org.
    WKJ WatKykJy. 2019. Watkykjy.co.za corpus 1.5. Available at: http://viva-afrikaans.org.

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    • If an example was found via the search engine on VivA's corpus portal, and it is not necessarily important from which corpus the example was taken, the source is only indicated as VivA-KPO.
    • If an example is quoted from a specific novel, magazine, newspaper, etc., we use the same system that is used by the WAT, but with an international date format (yyyy/mm/dd).

    Example 1

    ... wanneer die Maart+lelies begin blom ...
    ... when the March+lilies begin flower ...
    ... when the March lilies begin to flower ...
    VivA-KP
    Example 2

    Sy het opgelet hoe die lagplooitjies spekies in sy ooghoeke maak.
    she have.AUX noted how the crow's.feet little.spokes in his eye.corners make
    She noted how the crow's feet made little spokes in the corners of his eyes.
    (C. du Toit: Huisg., 1973/09/14, 70)
    Example 3

    … 'n speek in die wiel ...
    … a spoke in the wheel ...
    (Landbw., 2005/02/15, 94)
    [+]Abbreviations of dictionaries

    Table 2
    Abbreviation Dictionary
    ANW Algemeen Nederlands Woordenboek (Instituut voor de Nederlandse Taal 2001-)

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    x
    Rules in the AWS

    In references, AWS-11, 12,37.a means rule 12.37, comment (a) in the eleventh edition of the Afrikaanse woordelys en spelreëls. When another edition of the AWS is used, it is indicated with the relevant number of the particular edition, e.g. AWS-3(Suid-Afrikaanse Akademie vir Wetenskap en Kuns 1921).

    [hide extra information]
    x
    Software-specific: ling.dita 2.4 in oXygen (XML)

    • When referring to AWS-11:
      • Preferred:
        According to AWS-11, rule 12.37.a …

        According to AWS-11, 12.37.a ...

      • Also acceptable:
        According to rule 12.37.a in AWS-11…

    Example 4

    Lemma
    bullebak, -ke
    bully, -PL
    bully, bullies
    AWS-11, 12.37.a
    • When referring to online dictionaries (e.g. WNT, WAT), and especially dictionaries in repositories or portals (e.g. PharosAanlyn, VivA, Etymologiebank), add reference to the specific dictionary, but provide the online URL in the following manner:
    [+]Abbreviations of languages and varieties

    • The ISO 639-3 codes are used as abbreviations for languages, each styled with a capital letter and ended with a full-stop in human-readable text. The ones most often used on Taalportaal are:
      • Afrikaans: Afr.
      • Dutch: Ndl.
      • English: Eng.
      • Frisian: Fry.
    • The ISO 639-5 codes are used as abbreviations for language groups and families, each styled with a capital letter and ended with a full-stop in human-readable text.
    The following table contains the most frequently used abbreviations for languages and varieties.

    Table 3
    Abbreviation Full form
    Afr. Afrikaans
    EFAfr. Eastern Frontier Afrikaans
    Eng. English
    Fry. Frisian
    GAfr. Gariep Afrikaans (a.k.a. Khoe Afrikaans, or Orange River Afrikaans)
    GDAfr. Genadendal Afrikaans
    Gem. Germanic languages
    Gmw. West Germanic languages
    GRAfr. Griqua Afrikaans
    Ine. Indo-European languages
    K-Afr. Cape Afrikaans (or Cape Vernacular Afrikaans)
    NAfr. Nama Afrikaans
    NEAfr. North-Eastern Afrikaans
    NWAfr. North-Western Afrikaans
    Ndl. Dutch
    PIE Proto-Indo-European
    SAfr. Standard Afrikaans
    SNdl. (sometimes StD) Standard Dutch
    SWAfr. South-Western Afrikaans
    [+]Glossing abbreviations

    This list is based on a list available on Wikipedia. Note that glossing abbreviations are usually printed in small caps, even though they are presented below in normal caps.

    Also see the list of common Afrikaans words and their glosses.

    Table 4
    Gloss Meaning Comment
    › direction of transitivity or possession (2›3 may mean 2 acts on 3; 1sg›sg may mean a 1sg possessor and a singular possessum)
    0 zero (null), covert form Such as gender in a language where the word doesn't show it
    1 first person
    2 second person
    3 third person
    A adjective/adverb Traditionally A is used for: agent-like argument of canonical transitive verb; here we use AG for this purpose
    AB abstract Not in Leipzig rules
    ABE abessive case (AKA caritive case or privative case: 'without')
    ABL ablative case ('from')
    ABR abbreviation Not in Leipzig rules
    ABS absolutive case
    ACC accusative case
    ACCOM accompanier
    ACR acronym Not in Leipzig rules
    ACT active voice, actor role
    ADE adessive case ('at'; more specific than LOC)
    ADJ adjective
    ADJZ adjectivizer Not in Leipzig rules
    ADM admonitive mood (warning)
    ADV adverb(ial)
    ADVB adverbial case
    ADVC adverbial clause Not in Leipzig rules
    ADVZ adverbializer Not in Leipzig rules
    AFF affirmative mood
    AG agent-like argument of canonical transitive verb
    AGR agreement
    AGT agentive case (cf ACT)
    ALIEN alienable possession
    ALL allative case ('to')
    ALLOC allocutive agreement
    AN animate gender (cf R)
    AND andative (going towards: cf venitive)
    ANT anterior tense (used for PRF in some traditions)
    ANTE antessive case ('before')
    ANTIC anticausative
    ANTIP antipassive voice
    AOR aorist (= PFV or PST.PFV)
    AP adjective phrase Not in Leipzig rules
    APP apposition
    APPL applicative voice
    APPR apprehensive mood
    APRX approximative
    ART article
    ASP aspect
    ASS associative case (= COM), assumptive mood, assertive
    AT agent trigger (= AV agent voice)
    ATT attenuative
    ATTR attributive
    AUD auditory evidential
    AUG augmentative
    AUX auxiliary verb
    B core benefactive
    BE 'be' verb (a conflation of EXIST and COP)
    BEN benefactive case ('for')
    C common gender
    C complement
    CAP (cap)ability, modal case
    CAUS causative
    CC complement clause Not in Leipzig rules
    CENT centric case
    CF counterfactual conditional
    char character/symbol/number Not in Leipzig rules. Used in lower caps in morphological analyses.
    CI clause initial position/field Not in Leipzig rules
    CIRC circumfix
    CIRCP circumposition Not in Leipzig
    CIT citation form
    CL Classical
    CLF classifier
    CMPD compound Not in Leipzig rules
    CMPR comparative Not in Leipzig rules
    CN category-neutral (category-preserving/word-class-maintaining) Not in Leipzig rules
    CNJ conjunction
    CNSQ consequential
    CNTR contrastive
    COL collective plural Also used for collective particle al PTCL.COL
    COM comitative case ('together with')
    COMP complementizer
    COMPL completive aspect
    COMPLM complementive Not in Leipzig rules
    CON concrete Not in Leipzig rules
    CONC concessive
    COND conditional mood
    CONN connective particle
    COORD coordinative
    COP copula
    COR coreference
    CP complementiser phrase
    cran cranberry morpheme Not in Leipzig rules. Used in lower caps in morphological analyses.
    CRAS crastinal tense ('tomorrow')
    CRD cardinal Not in Leipzig rules
    CRS current relevance marker (as in the perfect)
    CTN continuative aspect
    CVB converb
    D core dative case
    DAT dative case
    DE different event, change of event (cf DS)
    DEC declarative mood
    DEF definite
    DEIX deixis, deictic
    DEL delayed imperative (a command to do s.t. later)
    DEL delative case ('off of'), deliberative mood
    DEM demonstrative
    DEO deontic mood
    DEP dependent (as in DEP.FUT)
    DER derivation(al) Not in Leipzig rules
    DES desiderative mood
    DEST destinative aspect
    DET determiner
    DETR detransitive
    DH motion downhill, seaward (cf DR)
    DIM diminutive
    DIR direct evidential (= EXP); directional (= LAT); direct case
    DISJ disjunction
    DIST distal demonstrative
    DISTR distributive case
    DITR ditransitive
    DLM delimited
    DM discourse marker
    DO direct object
    DR motion downriver (cf DH)
    DS different-subject (change of subject) marker (cf DE)
    DU dual number
    DUB dubitative mood
    DUR durative aspect, continuous aspect
    DYAD dyadic
    DYN dynamic aspect
    E epenthetic morpheme
    -E (used to form various -essive cases)
    ELA elative case ('out of')
    EMP emphatic
    ENDO endocentric Not in Leipzig rules
    EPIS epistemic mood, epistemic modality
    ERG ergative case
    ESS essive case
    EVID evidential
    EVIT evitative case (= aversive case)
    EX exclusive person
    EX.DUR excessive duration
    EXCLAM exclamative
    EXESS exessive case
    EXH exhortative
    EXIST existential ('there is')
    EXO exocentric case
    EXP experiential, eyewitness, = direct evidential
    EXPL expletive (dummy / meaningless form)
    F feminine gender
    FACT factive evidential
    FAM familiar register (as the T–V distinction)
    FIN finite verb
    FMR former, deceased
    FOC focus
    FORM formal register (as the T–V distinction)
    FP final particle (joshi)
    FREQ frequentative aspect
    FUT future tense
    G gender (G4 = the 4th gender)
    GEN genitive case
    GER gerund
    GNO gnomic (generic) aspect
    GT goal trigger (Austronesian; = GV goal voice)
    H head Not in Leipzig rules
    HAB habitual aspect
    HBL humble register
    HEST hesternal tense ('yesterday')
    HIST historic(al), as in historical present or past historic tense
    HOD hodiernal tense ('today')
    HON honorific
    HORT hortative
    HSY hearsay, reported evidential
    HUM human, anthropic gender (cf. HBL; R)
    HYP hypothetical mood
    I inflected
    ID identical (~ NID)
    IDENTIF identifiable
    IDEO ideophone (≈ MIM)
    IGNOR ignorative
    ILL illative case ('into')
    IMM immediate, as in immediate imperative mood, near future tense
    IMP imperative mood
    IMPERF imperfect (= PST.IPFV)
    IMPREC imprecative mood
    IMPRS impersonal verb
    INAL inalienable possession
    INAN inanimate gender
    INCH inchoative aspect, inceptive aspect
    INCL inclusive person
    INCL inclusive person (= IN)
    IND indicative mood
    INDEP independent Not in Leipzig rules
    INDF indefinite (=NDEF)
    INE inessive case ('in')
    INEL inelative case ('from within')
    INF infinitive
    INFER inferential evidential
    INS instrumental case
    INT intensifier
    INTEN intentional
    INTERJ interjection Not in Leipzig rules
    INTR intransitive (covers an intransitive case for the S argument) (=NTR)
    INTRP intransitive adposition Not in Leipzig rules
    INV inverse
    IO indirect object
    IPFV imperfective aspect (= NPFV)
    IRR irrealis mood
    IS indirect speech
    ITER iterative aspect
    JUS jussive mood
    -L (used to form various -lative cases)
    L2 second language (code-switching)
    LAT lative case (= MVMT, direction)
    LD locative case + directional
    LINK linking (e.g. verb) Not in Leipzig rules
    LK linker (= interfix)
    LOC locative case (includes essive case)
    LOG logophoric
    M masculine gender
    MAN manner
    MC main clause
    MF middle field Not in Leipzig rules
    MID middle voice
    MIM mimetic (≈ IDEO)
    MISC miscellaneous
    MIR (ad)mirative
    MLT multiplicative case
    MOD mood, modal, modal case
    MOM single action verb (not iterative)
    MVT movement
    MZ modifier Not in Leipzig rules
    N noun
    N- non- (e.g. NSG non-singular, NPST non-past, NF non-feminine)
    NEG negation, negative
    NEOCL neo-classical Not in Leipzig rules
    NEUT neuter gender
    NH non-human
    NMLZ nominalizer/nominalization
    NOM nominative case
    NP noun phrase Not in Leipzig rules
    NS non-subject (Latin 'oblique case')
    NUM numeral
    O patient-like argument (object) of canonical transitive verb (= P)
    OB objective case
    OBJ object
    OBL oblique case
    OBV obviative
    OPT optative mood
    ORD ordinal Not in Leipzig rules
    P patient-like argument of canonical transitive verb (= O)
    P. pre-, post- (P.HOD prehodiernal)
    P phrase (also NP, VP, AP, etc.) Not in Leipzig rules
    PASS passive voice
    PAT patientive (= UND)
    PAU paucal number
    PEG pegative case (a special case for the giver)
    PER perlative case ('per', using)
    PERF perfect (= RET)
    PERS personal
    PFV perfective aspect
    PL plural
    PLUR pluractional
    PM phrase marker, predicate marker
    PN pronoun
    PO primary object
    POL polite register
    POSS possessive marker
    POST postpositional case
    POSTE postessive case ('after')
    POSTP postposition
    POT potential mood (a possible conditional)
    PP prepositional phrase / adpositional phrase On Wikipedia PP = past/passive participle. We rather use PST.PTCP and PASS.PTCP respectively
    PPFV past perfective
    PPP past passive participle We rather use PST.PASS.PTCP
    PR proper noun
    PREC precative mood (requests)
    PRED predicative
    PREF prefix Not in Leipzig rules
    PREP preposition
    PRESP present participle We rather use PRS.PTCP
    PRF perfect (= RET)
    PROB probability
    PROG progressive aspect
    PROH prohibitive mood ('don't!')
    PROL prolative case (= VIA)
    PROP propositive mood
    PROS prosecutive case ('across', 'along')
    PROSP prospective aspect
    PROT protasis
    PROX proximal/proximate
    PRP prepositional case
    PRS present tense
    PRT preterite (= PFV.PST)
    PST past tense
    PT patient trigger
    PTCL particle
    PTCP participle
    PTV partitive case ('some of') PTV.GEN for partitive genitive
    PURP purposive
    PV post-verbal position/field Not in Leipzig rules
    Q question word or particle (= INT); interrogative
    QUOT quotative case or mood (marks quoted speech)
    R rational gender (thinking beings)
    R pronoun containing the letter r Not in Leipzig rules. In Taalportaal R is used especially in the context of R-pronoun. Also see REF, REL, RFR.
    REAL realis mood
    REC recent past tense
    RECP reciprocal voice
    REDUP reduplication Not in Leipzig rules
    REF referential Also see RFR
    REFL reflexive voice
    REL relative(izer)
    RELC relative clause Not in Leipzig rules
    REM remote past tense
    REP reported evidential (= HSY)
    REPT repetitive (cf ITER)
    RES resultative
    RESM resumptive
    RET retrospective (synonym for 'perfect' in some traditions)
    RFR referential Also see REF
    RLC relic
    S single argument of canonical intransitive verb (cf CIT)
    SBJV subjunctive mood
    SE same event (cf SS)
    SEM semelfactive aspect ('once')
    SENS sensory evidential mood (= VIS+AUD)
    SEQ sequential
    SG singular (but 1.SG = 1s, 3MASC.SG = 3ms)
    SGV singulative number
    SIM simultaneous aspect
    SIMT similative
    SPCL speculative mood
    SPEC specifier
    SPL supplicative
    SS same-subject marker (cf SE)
    STAT stative aspect
    STV stative verb
    SUB subject
    SUBE subessive case ('under')
    SUBL sublative case ('onto', 'down onto')
    SUBORD subordinator
    SUC successive ('then')
    SUF suffix Not in Leipzig rules
    SUP supine
    SUPE superessive case ('on')
    SUPL superlative
    -T trigger (used for AT, PT)
    TAM tense, aspect, or mood
    TEL telic aspect (cf PFV)
    TEMP temporal case
    TERM terminative case
    TNS tense
    TOP topic
    TR transitive verb
    TRANS transitive case (rare)
    TRANSL translative case (becoming)
    TRI trial number
    TRN trans-numeral (neither SG nor PL)
    TVF truth-value focus
    U uninflected
    UH motion uphill, inland (cf UR)
    UND undergoer role (cf PAT)
    UR motion upriver (cf UH)
    USIT usitative
    V verb(al)
    V2 verb-second Not in Leipzig rules
    VBZ verbalizer
    VD verb, ditransitive
    VEN venitive (coming towards; cf andative)
    VER veridical, veridical mood (a certain conditional)
    VF verb-final Not in Leipzig rules
    VI verb, intransitive
    VIA vialis case
    VIS visible, visual
    VN verbal noun
    VOC vocative case
    VOL volitive mood
    VP verb phrase Not in Leipzig rules
    VT verb, transitive
    WG word group Not in Leipzig rules
    WH.Q wh-question
    -Z -(al)izer (e.g. TRZ transitivizer)
    ZO zoic gender (animals)
    [+]Change log

    If you have any question or suggestions about these abbreviations, please contact Gerhard van Huyssteen.

    [hide extra information]
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    CHANGE LOG

    • 2020/04/28: Added CIRCP for "circumposition" and INTRP vor "intransitive adposition".
    • 2020/03/30: Finalised list of common gloss combinations
    • 2020/03/28: Changed glosses of sal and wil
    • 2020/03/25: Added kan/kon explicitly as examples; Added glossing for moenie; u; be.AUX.PASS.PRT.
    • 2020/03/07: Added all verbs with preterite forms, plus different glosses for het and had, plus examples of R-pronouns, plus examples of passive form of the verb
    • 2020/03/05: Added that.REL; added RELC
    • 2020/02/29: Added was and dog (plus a few others) as preterite forms of the verb; added LINK as abbreviation for linking verbs
    • 2020/02/15: Added abbreviations: WG, char, cran
    • 2020/02/03: Added R as accepted abbreviation in the context of R-pronoun
    • 2020/01/04: Combined different tables with abbreviations in one topic
    • 2019/09/21: Bullet added regarding references to rules in AWS
    • 2018/07/12: Changes made to manner of referencing using the WAT style, for the sake of international standards
    • 2018/07/01: Bullet added on manner of referencing using the WAT style
    • 2018/07/01: Bullet added regarding VivA-KPO
    • 2018/07/01: Abbreviations changed, and information added for handling glossing in "ilexample" and running text

    References:
    • Du Plessis, M. (ed.)2005Pharos Afrikaans-Engels/Engels-Afrikaanse WoordeboekPharos
    • Cloete, A.E. & Van Wyk, G.J., teg. red2003Etimologiewoordeboek van Afrikaans.Buro van die Woordeboek van die Afrikaanse Taal
    • Instituut voor de Nederlandse Taal2001-Algemeen Nederlands WoordenboekLeiden
    • Suid-Afrikaanse Akademie vir Wetenskap en Kuns. Taalkommissie. & Bosman, D.B., samest1921Afrikaanse woordelys en spelreëls.Nasionale Pers
    ABOUT THIS TOPIC
    Author(s):
    Gerhard B van Huyssteen
    Category:
    Afrikaans General
    Publication date:
    14 May 2020
    Keywords:
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