- Dutch
- Frisian
- Afrikaans
- Dutch
- Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Phonotactics
- Phonological processes
- Phonology-morphology interface
- Word stress
- Primary stress in simplex words
- Monomorphemic words
- Diachronic aspects
- Generalizations on stress placement
- Default penultimate stress
- Lexical stress
- The closed penult restriction
- Final closed syllables
- The diphthong restriction
- Superheavy syllables (SHS)
- The three-syllable window
- Segmental restrictions
- Phonetic correlates
- Stress shifts in loanwords
- Quantity-sensitivity
- Secondary stress
- Vowel reduction in unstressed syllables
- Stress in complex words
- Primary stress in simplex words
- Accent & intonation
- Clitics
- Spelling
- Morphology
- Word formation
- Compounding
- Nominal compounds
- Verbal compounds
- Adjectival compounds
- Affixoids
- Coordinative compounds
- Synthetic compounds
- Reduplicative compounds
- Phrase-based compounds
- Elative compounds
- Exocentric compounds
- Linking elements
- Separable complex verbs (SCVs)
- Gapping of complex words
- Particle verbs
- Copulative compounds
- Derivation
- Numerals
- Derivation: inputs and input restrictions
- The meaning of affixes
- Non-native morphology
- Cohering and non-cohering affixes
- Prefixation
- Suffixation
- Nominal suffixation: person nouns
- Conversion
- Pseudo-participles
- Bound forms
- Nouns
- Nominal prefixes
- Nominal suffixes
- -aal and -eel
- -aar
- -aard
- -aat
- -air
- -aris
- -ast
- Diminutives
- -dom
- -een
- -ees
- -el (nominal)
- -elaar
- -enis
- -er (nominal)
- -erd
- -erik
- -es
- -eur
- -euse
- ge...te
- -heid
- -iaan, -aan
- -ief
- -iek
- -ier
- -ier (French)
- -ière
- -iet
- -igheid
- -ij and allomorphs
- -ijn
- -in
- -ing
- -isme
- -ist
- -iteit
- -ling
- -oir
- -oot
- -rice
- -schap
- -schap (de)
- -schap (het)
- -sel
- -st
- -ster
- -t
- -tal
- -te
- -voud
- Verbs
- Adjectives
- Adverbs
- Univerbation
- Neo-classical word formation
- Construction-dependent morphology
- Morphological productivity
- Compounding
- Inflection
- Inflection and derivation
- Allomorphy
- The interface between phonology and morphology
- Word formation
- Syntax
- Preface and acknowledgements
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- 1 Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of verb phrases I:Argument structure
- 3 Projection of verb phrases II:Verb frame alternations
- Introduction
- 3.1. Main types
- 3.2. Alternations involving the external argument
- 3.3. Alternations of noun phrases and PPs
- 3.3.1. Dative/PP alternations (dative shift)
- 3.3.1.1. Dative alternation with aan-phrases (recipients)
- 3.3.1.2. Dative alternation with naar-phrases (goals)
- 3.3.1.3. Dative alternation with van-phrases (sources)
- 3.3.1.4. Dative alternation with bij-phrases (possessors)
- 3.3.1.5. Dative alternation with voor-phrases (benefactives)
- 3.3.1.6. Conclusion
- 3.3.1.7. Bibliographical notes
- 3.3.2. Accusative/PP alternations
- 3.3.3. Nominative/PP alternations
- 3.3.1. Dative/PP alternations (dative shift)
- 3.4. Some apparent cases of verb frame alternation
- 3.5. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of verb phrases IIIa:Selection of clauses/verb phrases
- 5 Projection of verb phrases IIIb:Argument and complementive clauses
- Introduction
- 5.1. Finite argument clauses
- 5.2. Infinitival argument clauses
- 5.3. Complementive clauses
- 6 Projection of verb phrases IIIc:Complements of non-main verbs
- 7 Projection of verb phrases IIId:Verb clusters
- 8 Projection of verb phrases IV: Adverbial modification
- 9 Word order in the clause I:General introduction
- 10 Word order in the clause II:Position of the finite verb (verb-first/second)
- 11 Word order in the clause III:Clause-initial position (wh-movement)
- Introduction
- 11.1. The formation of V1- and V2-clauses
- 11.2. Clause-initial position remains (phonetically) empty
- 11.3. Clause-initial position is filled
- 12 Word order in the clause IV:Postverbal field (extraposition)
- 13 Word order in the clause V: Middle field (scrambling)
- 14 Main-clause external elements
- Nouns and Noun Phrases
- 1 Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of noun phrases I: complementation
- Introduction
- 2.1. General observations
- 2.2. Prepositional and nominal complements
- 2.3. Clausal complements
- 2.4. Bibliographical notes
- 3 Projection of noun phrases II: modification
- Introduction
- 3.1. Restrictive and non-restrictive modifiers
- 3.2. Premodification
- 3.3. Postmodification
- 3.3.1. Adpositional phrases
- 3.3.2. Relative clauses
- 3.3.3. Infinitival clauses
- 3.3.4. A special case: clauses referring to a proposition
- 3.3.5. Adjectival phrases
- 3.3.6. Adverbial postmodification
- 3.4. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of noun phrases III: binominal constructions
- Introduction
- 4.1. Binominal constructions without a preposition
- 4.2. Binominal constructions with a preposition
- 4.3. Bibliographical notes
- 5 Determiners: articles and pronouns
- Introduction
- 5.1. Articles
- 5.2. Pronouns
- 5.3. Bibliographical notes
- 6 Numerals and quantifiers
- 7 Pre-determiners
- Introduction
- 7.1. The universal quantifier al 'all' and its alternants
- 7.2. The pre-determiner heel 'all/whole'
- 7.3. A note on focus particles
- 7.4. Bibliographical notes
- 8 Syntactic uses of noun phrases
- Adjectives and Adjective Phrases
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- 2 Projection of adjective phrases I: Complementation
- 3 Projection of adjective phrases II: Modification
- 4 Projection of adjective phrases III: Comparison
- 5 Attributive use of the adjective phrase
- 6 Predicative use of the adjective phrase
- 7 The partitive genitive construction
- 8 Adverbial use of the adjective phrase
- 9 Participles and infinitives: their adjectival use
- 10 Special constructions
- Adpositions and adpositional phrases
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- Introduction
- 1.1. Characterization of the category adposition
- 1.2. A formal classification of adpositional phrases
- 1.3. A semantic classification of adpositional phrases
- 1.3.1. Spatial adpositions
- 1.3.2. Temporal adpositions
- 1.3.3. Non-spatial/temporal prepositions
- 1.4. Borderline cases
- 1.5. Bibliographical notes
- 2 Projection of adpositional phrases: Complementation
- 3 Projection of adpositional phrases: Modification
- 4 Syntactic uses of the adpositional phrase
- 5 R-pronominalization and R-words
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- Phonology
- Frisian
- Introduction to Frisian
- Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Phonotactics
- Phonological Processes
- Assimilation
- Vowel nasalization
- Syllabic sonorants
- Final devoicing
- Fake geminates
- Vowel hiatus resolution
- Vowel reduction introduction
- Schwa deletion
- Schwa insertion
- /r/-deletion
- d-insertion
- {s/z}-insertion
- t-deletion
- Intrusive stop formation
- Breaking
- Vowel shortening
- h-deletion
- Replacement of the glide w
- Word stress
- Clitics
- Allomorphy
- Orthography of Frisian
- Morphology
- Inflection
- Word formation
- Derivation
- Prefixation
- Infixation
- Suffixation
- Nominal suffixes
- Verbal suffixes
- Adjectival suffixes
- Adverbial suffixes
- Numeral suffixes
- Interjectional suffixes
- Onomastic suffixes
- Conversion
- Derivation
- Syntax
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Unergative and unaccusative subjects
- Evidentiality
- To-infinitival clauses
- Predication and noun incorporation
- Ellipsis
- Imperativus-pro-Infinitivo
- Expression of irrealis
- Embedded Verb Second
- Agreement
- Negation
- Nouns & Noun Phrases
- Classification
- Complementation
- Modification
- Partitive noun constructions
- Referential partitive constructions
- Partitive measure nouns
- Numeral partitive constructions
- Partitive question constructions
- Nominalised quantifiers
- Kind partitives
- Partitive predication with prepositions
- Bare nominal attributions
- Articles and names
- Pronouns
- Quantifiers and (pre)determiners
- Interrogative pronouns
- R-pronouns
- Syntactic uses
- Adjective Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification and degree quantification
- Comparison by degree
- Comparative
- Superlative
- Equative
- Attribution
- Agreement
- Attributive adjectives vs. prenominal elements
- Complex adjectives
- Noun ellipsis
- Co-occurring adjectives
- Predication
- Partitive adjective constructions
- Adverbial use
- Participles and infinitives
- Adposition Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification
- Intransitive adpositions
- Predication
- Preposition stranding
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- Afrikaans
- Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Overview of Afrikaans vowels
- The rounded and unrounded high front vowels /i/ and /y/
- The diphthongised long vowels /e/, /ø/ and /o/
- The unrounded mid-front vowel /ɛ/
- The unrounded low-central vowel /ɑ/
- The unrounded low-central vowel /a/
- The rounded mid-high back vowel /ɔ/
- The rounded high back vowel /u/
- The unrounded and rounded central vowels /ə/ and /œ/
- The diphthongs /əi/, /œy/ and /œu/
- Overview of Afrikaans Consonants
- The bilabial plosives /p/ and /b/
- The alveolar plosives /t/ and /d/
- The velar plosives /k/ and /g/
- The bilabial nasal /m/
- The alveolar nasal /n/
- The velar nasal /ŋ/
- The trill /r/
- The lateral liquid /l/
- The labiodental fricatives /f/ and /v/
- The alveolar fricatives /s/ and /z/
- The velar fricative /x/
- The approximants /ɦ/, /j/ and /ʋ/
- Overview of Afrikaans vowels
- Word stress
- The phonetic properties of stress
- Primary stress on monomorphemic words in Afrikaans
- Background to primary stress in monomorphemes in Afrikaans
- Overview of the Main Stress Rule of Afrikaans
- The short vowels of Afrikaans
- Long vowels in monomorphemes
- Primary stress on diphthongs in monomorphemes
- Exceptions
- Stress shifts in place names
- Stress shift towards word-final position
- Stress pattern of reduplications
- Phonological Processes
- Phonotactics
- Segment inventory
- Morphology
- Syntax
- Introduction to Noun Phrases
- Introduction to Adjective Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification and degree quantification
- Comparison by comparative, superlative and equative degree
- Attribution
- Predication
- The partitive adjective construction
- Adverbial use
- Participles and infinitives as adjectives
- Introduction to Verb Phrases
- Phonology
This construction features two instances of the question phrase, one at the beginning of the superordinate clause and one at the beginning of the subordinate clause. An example is provided below:
Wa tinkst wa't ik sjoen ha? |
who think.2SG who.that I seen have |
Who do you think that I have seen? |
The examples are best in case the questioned constituent contains a wh-word and nothing else. So the following sounds quite well:
Wat tinkst wat ik foar boeken sjoen ha? |
what think.2SG what I for books seen have |
What kind of books do you think that I have seen? |
The example above sounds much worse if the constituent wat foar boekenwhat kind of books as a whole gets doubled:
*Wat foar boeken tinkst wat foar boeken ik sjoen ha? |
what for books think.2SG what for books I seen have |
What kind of books do you think that I have seen? |
A possessor phrase does not sound right either, if it is doubled:
a. | *Wa syn hynder tinkst wa syn hynder (dat) ik sjoen ha? | ||||||||||||||
who his horse think.2SG who his horse that I seen have | |||||||||||||||
Whose horse do you think that I have seen? |
b. | Wa syn hynder tinkst dat ik sjoen ha? | ||||||||||||||
who his horse think.2SG that I seen have | |||||||||||||||
Whose horse do you think that I have seen? |
It seems that doubling the phrase as a whole improves if the complementiser asif is added:
?Wa syn hynder tinkst wa syn hynder as ik sjoen ha? |
who his horse think.2SG who his horse if I seen have |
Whose horse do you think that I have seen? |
Adposition Phrases (PPs) seem grammatical as well, as is illustrated below:
Mei wa tinkst mei wa as ik praat ha? |
with whom think.2SG with whom if I talked have |
With whom do you think that I have talked? |
It remains to be seen whether examples such as the above can be attested or whether a systematic survey bears out the judgments reported here; not everybody shares the judgments reported above.
Embedded clauses in the form of a V2 clause can enter the single question phrase construction:
a. | Wa tinkst wa ha ik sjoen? | ||||||||||||||
who think.2SG who have I seen | |||||||||||||||
Who do you think that I have seen? |
b. | Wat tinkst wat haw ik foar boeken sjoen? | ||||||||||||||
what think.2SG what have I for books seen | |||||||||||||||
What kind of books do you think that I have seen? |
c. | ?Wa syn hynder tinkst wa syn hynder ha ik sjoen? | ||||||||||||||
who his horse think.2SG who his horse have I seen | |||||||||||||||
Whose horse do you think that I have seen? |
Perhaps the last example in (7) involves a mere repetition, but then we are in need of criteria distinguishing syntactically licensed repetitions from mere repetition.
The resumptive topicalisations in (8) do not sound bad either:
Dy hie ik net tocht datst dy dêr moetsje soest |
that had I not thought that.2SG that there meet would.2SG |
Him, I had not thought that you would meet him |
It is possible to have V2 in the embedded clause, as in the following example, with the topic pronun at the beginning of the embedded clause:
Dy hie ik net tocht, dy soest dêr moetsje |
that had I not thought that would.2SG there meet |
Him, I had not thought that you would meet him there |
By and large resumptive question formation is on a par with resumptive topicalisation. Both are allowed in Verb-Final and Verb-Second constructions. Resumptive topicalisation is not allowed with an embedded V1 clause:
?*Dy hie ik net tocht, soest dy dêr moetsje |
that had I not thought would.2SG that there meet |
Him, I had not thought that you would meet him there |
- Dutch
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- Intonation
[80%] Dutch > Phonology > Accent & intonation
- Phonotactics at the word level
[77%] Dutch > Phonology > Phonotactics
- Acoustic correlates of stress
[76%] Dutch > Phonology > Accent & intonation
- The spelling of vowels
[76%] Dutch > Phonology > Spelling
- Diminutive allomorphy
[76%] Dutch > Phonology > Phonology-morphology interface > Allomorphy
- Phonological evidence for cliticization
[81%] Frisian > Phonology > Clitics
- Orthography
[80%] Frisian > Phonology > Orthography of Frisian
- The phonological domain of Final Devoicing
[80%] Frisian > Phonology > Phonological Processes > Final devoicing
- Cliticization
[80%] Frisian > Phonology > Clitics
- /d/-insertion in the sequences /nər/, /lər/, and /rər/
[79%] Frisian > Phonology > Phonological Processes
- The phonotactics of Afrikaans
[78%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonotactics
- Nasalization
[76%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonological Processes > Vowel related processes
- d-deletion
[76%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonological Processes > Consonant related processes > Consonant cluster simplification: Overview
- Homorganic glide insertion
[75%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonological Processes
- Rhotacism
[75%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonological Processes > Consonant related processes
- Dutch
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- Separable complex verbs (SCVs)
[81%] Dutch > Morphology > Word formation > Compounding
- Possessive pronouns
[79%] Dutch > Morphology > Inflection > Pronouns
- Case - the partitive construction
[79%] Dutch > Morphology > Inflection > Nouns > Case
- Adjectival inflection
[78%] Dutch > Morphology > Inflection
- Phrase-based compounds
[77%] Dutch > Morphology > Word formation > Compounding
- Degree
[82%] Frisian > Morphology > Inflection > Adjectives
- -DIM (diminutive)
[81%] Frisian > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation > Suffixation > Nominal suffixes > Noun as base
- In prenominal position
[81%] Frisian > Morphology > Inflection > Adjectives
- Case
[81%] Frisian > Morphology > Inflection > Nouns
- Cardinal numbers
[81%] Frisian > Morphology > Inflection > Numerals
- Prefixation
[73%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation > Affixation
- Cohering and non-cohering affixes
[73%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation > Affixation
- Circumfixation
[72%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation > Affixation
- Inputs and input restrictions
[71%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation > Affixation
- Affixation
[70%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation
- Dutch
- Frisian
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- 6.5. Clausal subjects
[83%] Dutch > Syntax > Adjectives and Adjective Phrases > 6 Predicative use of the adjective phrase
- 2.3.3. Differences between clausal complements and relative clauses
[83%] Dutch > Syntax > Nouns and Noun Phrases > 2 Projection of noun phrases I: complementation > 2.3. Clausal complements
- 3.1.3. Modification by a complex intensifying phrase
[83%] Dutch > Syntax > Adjectives and Adjective Phrases > 3 Projection of adjective phrases II: Modification > 3.1. Modification of scalar adjectives
- 6.3. Supplementive use of the adjective
[83%] Dutch > Syntax > Adjectives and Adjective Phrases > 6 Predicative use of the adjective phrase
- 1.1.2.2. Complementive use
[82%] Dutch > Syntax > Adpositions and adpositional phrases > 1 Characteristics and classification > 1.1. Characterization of the category adposition > 1.1.2. Syntactic uses of adpositional phrases
- The semi-resumptive question phrase construction
[87%] Frisian > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases > Embedded Verb Second > Verb-second in embedded clauses (NCV2s) > Long questions and topicalisations
- Complete infinitival clause
[83%] Frisian > Syntax > Adjective Phrases > Modification and degree quantification > High degree specification > With infinitival clauses
- The single question phrase construction
[82%] Frisian > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases > Embedded Verb Second > Verb-second in embedded clauses (NCV2s) > Long questions and topicalisations
- The adverb of degree followed by an adjective and negation
[82%] Frisian > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases > Negation
- Restriction of the B-construction to modals
[81%] Frisian > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases > Expression of irrealis
- Finite interrogative complement clauses: syntactic distribution
[83%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Verb Phrases > Complement clauses > Finite interrogative complement clauses
- Reported speech in Afrikaans: construction forms
[82%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Verb Phrases > Complement clauses > Reported speech in Afrikaans
- Finite declarative complement clauses: syntactic distribution
[82%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Verb Phrases > Complement clauses > Finite declarative complement clauses
- Mood
[81%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Verb Phrases > Characterization and classification
- Equative
[81%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Adjective Phrases > Comparison by comparative, superlative and equative degree
