- Dutch
- Frisian
- Saterfrisian
- Afrikaans
-
- Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Phonotactics
- Phonological processes
- Phonology-morphology interface
- Word stress
- Primary stress in simplex words
- Monomorphemic words
- Diachronic aspects
- Generalizations on stress placement
- Default penultimate stress
- Lexical stress
- The closed penult restriction
- Final closed syllables
- The diphthong restriction
- Superheavy syllables (SHS)
- The three-syllable window
- Segmental restrictions
- Phonetic correlates
- Stress shifts in loanwords
- Quantity-sensitivity
- Secondary stress
- Vowel reduction in unstressed syllables
- Stress in complex words
- Primary stress in simplex words
- Accent & intonation
- Clitics
- Spelling
- Morphology
- Word formation
- Compounding
- Nominal compounds
- Verbal compounds
- Adjectival compounds
- Affixoids
- Coordinative compounds
- Synthetic compounds
- Reduplicative compounds
- Phrase-based compounds
- Elative compounds
- Exocentric compounds
- Linking elements
- Separable complex verbs (SCVs)
- Gapping of complex words
- Particle verbs
- Copulative compounds
- Derivation
- Numerals
- Derivation: inputs and input restrictions
- The meaning of affixes
- Non-native morphology
- Cohering and non-cohering affixes
- Prefixation
- Suffixation
- Nominal suffixation: person nouns
- Conversion
- Pseudo-participles
- Bound forms
- Nouns
- Nominal prefixes
- Nominal suffixes
- -aal and -eel
- -aar
- -aard
- -aat
- -air
- -aris
- -ast
- Diminutives
- -dom
- -een
- -ees
- -el (nominal)
- -elaar
- -enis
- -er (nominal)
- -erd
- -erik
- -es
- -eur
- -euse
- ge...te
- -heid
- -iaan, -aan
- -ief
- -iek
- -ier
- -ier (French)
- -ière
- -iet
- -igheid
- -ij and allomorphs
- -ijn
- -in
- -ing
- -isme
- -ist
- -iteit
- -ling
- -oir
- -oot
- -rice
- -schap
- -schap (de)
- -schap (het)
- -sel
- -st
- -ster
- -t
- -tal
- -te
- -voud
- Verbs
- Adjectives
- Adverbs
- Univerbation
- Neo-classical word formation
- Construction-dependent morphology
- Morphological productivity
- Compounding
- Inflection
- Inflection and derivation
- Allomorphy
- The interface between phonology and morphology
- Word formation
- Syntax
- Preface and acknowledgements
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- 1 Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of verb phrases I:Argument structure
- 3 Projection of verb phrases II:Verb frame alternations
- Introduction
- 3.1. Main types
- 3.2. Alternations involving the external argument
- 3.3. Alternations of noun phrases and PPs
- 3.3.1. Dative/PP alternations (dative shift)
- 3.3.1.1. Dative alternation with aan-phrases (recipients)
- 3.3.1.2. Dative alternation with naar-phrases (goals)
- 3.3.1.3. Dative alternation with van-phrases (sources)
- 3.3.1.4. Dative alternation with bij-phrases (possessors)
- 3.3.1.5. Dative alternation with voor-phrases (benefactives)
- 3.3.1.6. Conclusion
- 3.3.1.7. Bibliographical notes
- 3.3.2. Accusative/PP alternations
- 3.3.3. Nominative/PP alternations
- 3.3.1. Dative/PP alternations (dative shift)
- 3.4. Some apparent cases of verb frame alternation
- 3.5. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of verb phrases IIIa:Selection of clauses/verb phrases
- 5 Projection of verb phrases IIIb:Argument and complementive clauses
- Introduction
- 5.1. Finite argument clauses
- 5.2. Infinitival argument clauses
- 5.3. Complementive clauses
- 6 Projection of verb phrases IIIc:Complements of non-main verbs
- 7 Projection of verb phrases IIId:Verb clusters
- 8 Projection of verb phrases IV: Adverbial modification
- 9 Word order in the clause I:General introduction
- 10 Word order in the clause II:Position of the finite verb (verb-first/second)
- 11 Word order in the clause III:Clause-initial position (wh-movement)
- Introduction
- 11.1. The formation of V1- and V2-clauses
- 11.2. Clause-initial position remains (phonetically) empty
- 11.3. Clause-initial position is filled
- 12 Word order in the clause IV:Postverbal field (extraposition)
- 13 Word order in the clause V: Middle field (scrambling)
- 14 Main-clause external elements
- Nouns and Noun Phrases
- 1 Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of noun phrases I: complementation
- Introduction
- 2.1. General observations
- 2.2. Prepositional and nominal complements
- 2.3. Clausal complements
- 2.4. Bibliographical notes
- 3 Projection of noun phrases II: modification
- Introduction
- 3.1. Restrictive and non-restrictive modifiers
- 3.2. Premodification
- 3.3. Postmodification
- 3.3.1. Adpositional phrases
- 3.3.2. Relative clauses
- 3.3.3. Infinitival clauses
- 3.3.4. A special case: clauses referring to a proposition
- 3.3.5. Adjectival phrases
- 3.3.6. Adverbial postmodification
- 3.4. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of noun phrases III: binominal constructions
- Introduction
- 4.1. Binominal constructions without a preposition
- 4.2. Binominal constructions with a preposition
- 4.3. Bibliographical notes
- 5 Determiners: articles and pronouns
- Introduction
- 5.1. Articles
- 5.2. Pronouns
- 5.3. Bibliographical notes
- 6 Numerals and quantifiers
- 7 Pre-determiners
- Introduction
- 7.1. The universal quantifier al 'all' and its alternants
- 7.2. The pre-determiner heel 'all/whole'
- 7.3. A note on focus particles
- 7.4. Bibliographical notes
- 8 Syntactic uses of noun phrases
- Adjectives and Adjective Phrases
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- 2 Projection of adjective phrases I: Complementation
- 3 Projection of adjective phrases II: Modification
- 4 Projection of adjective phrases III: Comparison
- 5 Attributive use of the adjective phrase
- 6 Predicative use of the adjective phrase
- 7 The partitive genitive construction
- 8 Adverbial use of the adjective phrase
- 9 Participles and infinitives: their adjectival use
- 10 Special constructions
- Adpositions and adpositional phrases
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- Introduction
- 1.1. Characterization of the category adposition
- 1.2. A formal classification of adpositional phrases
- 1.3. A semantic classification of adpositional phrases
- 1.3.1. Spatial adpositions
- 1.3.2. Temporal adpositions
- 1.3.3. Non-spatial/temporal prepositions
- 1.4. Borderline cases
- 1.5. Bibliographical notes
- 2 Projection of adpositional phrases: Complementation
- 3 Projection of adpositional phrases: Modification
- 4 Syntactic uses of the adpositional phrase
- 5 R-pronominalization and R-words
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- Phonology
-
- General
- Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Phonotactics
- Phonological Processes
- Assimilation
- Vowel nasalization
- Syllabic sonorants
- Final devoicing
- Fake geminates
- Vowel hiatus resolution
- Vowel reduction introduction
- Schwa deletion
- Schwa insertion
- /r/-deletion
- d-insertion
- {s/z}-insertion
- t-deletion
- Intrusive stop formation
- Breaking
- Vowel shortening
- h-deletion
- Replacement of the glide w
- Word stress
- Clitics
- Allomorphy
- Orthography of Frisian
- Morphology
- Inflection
- Word formation
- Derivation
- Prefixation
- Infixation
- Suffixation
- Nominal suffixes
- Verbal suffixes
- Adjectival suffixes
- Adverbial suffixes
- Numeral suffixes
- Interjectional suffixes
- Onomastic suffixes
- Conversion
- Compositions
- Derivation
- Syntax
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Unergative and unaccusative subjects
- Evidentiality
- To-infinitival clauses
- Predication and noun incorporation
- Ellipsis
- Imperativus-pro-Infinitivo
- Expression of irrealis
- Embedded Verb Second
- Agreement
- Negation
- Nouns & Noun Phrases
- Classification
- Complementation
- Modification
- Partitive noun constructions
- Referential partitive constructions
- Partitive measure nouns
- Numeral partitive constructions
- Partitive question constructions
- Nominalised quantifiers
- Kind partitives
- Partitive predication with prepositions
- Bare nominal attributions
- Articles and names
- Pronouns
- Quantifiers and (pre)determiners
- Interrogative pronouns
- R-pronouns
- Syntactic uses
- Adjective Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification and degree quantification
- Comparison by degree
- Comparative
- Superlative
- Equative
- Attribution
- Agreement
- Attributive adjectives vs. prenominal elements
- Complex adjectives
- Noun ellipsis
- Co-occurring adjectives
- Predication
- Partitive adjective constructions
- Adverbial use
- Participles and infinitives
- Adposition Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification
- Intransitive adpositions
- Predication
- Preposition stranding
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
-
- General
- Morphology
- Morphology
- 1 Word formation
- 1.1 Compounding
- 1.1.1 Compounds and their heads
- 1.1.2 Special types of compounds
- 1.1.2.1 Affixoids
- 1.1.2.2 Coordinative compounds
- 1.1.2.3 Synthetic compounds and complex pseudo-participles
- 1.1.2.4 Reduplicative compounds
- 1.1.2.5 Phrase-based compounds
- 1.1.2.6 Elative compounds
- 1.1.2.7 Exocentric compounds
- 1.1.2.8 Linking elements
- 1.1.2.9 Separable Complex Verbs and Particle Verbs
- 1.1.2.10 Noun Incorporation Verbs
- 1.1.2.11 Gapping
- 1.2 Derivation
- 1.3 Minor patterns of word formation
- 1.1 Compounding
- 2 Inflection
- 1 Word formation
- Morphology
- Syntax
- Adjectives and adjective phrases (APs)
- 0 Introduction to the AP
- 1 Characteristics and classification of APs
- 2 Complementation of APs
- 3 Modification and degree quantification of APs
- 4 Comparison by comparative, superlative and equative
- 5 Attribution of APs
- 6 Predication of APs
- 7 The partitive adjective construction
- 8 Adverbial use of APs
- 9 Participles and infinitives as APs
- Nouns and Noun Phrases (NPs)
- 0 Introduction to the NP
- 1 Characteristics and Classification of NPs
- 2 Complementation of NPs
- 3 Modification of NPs
- 3.1 Modification of NP by Determiners and APs
- 3.2 Modification of NP by PP
- 3.3 Modification of NP by adverbial clauses
- 3.4 Modification of NP by possessors
- 3.5 Modification of NP by relative clauses
- 3.6 Modification of NP in a cleft construction
- 3.7 Free relative clauses and selected interrogative clauses
- 4 Partitive noun constructions and constructions related to them
- 4.1 The referential partitive construction
- 4.2 The partitive construction of abstract quantity
- 4.3 The numerical partitive construction
- 4.4 The partitive interrogative construction
- 4.5 Adjectival, nominal and nominalised partitive quantifiers
- 4.6 Kind partitives
- 4.7 Partitive predication with a preposition
- 4.8 Bare nominal attribution
- 5 Articles and names
- 6 Pronouns
- 7 Quantifiers, determiners and predeterminers
- 8 Interrogative pronouns
- 9 R-pronouns and the indefinite expletive
- 10 Syntactic functions of Noun Phrases
- Adpositions and Adpositional Phrases (PPs)
- 0 Introduction to the PP
- 1 Characteristics and classification of PPs
- 2 Complementation of PPs
- 3 Modification of PPs
- 4 Bare (intransitive) adpositions
- 5 Predication of PPs
- 6 Form and distribution of adpositions with respect to staticity and construction type
- 7 Adpositional complements and adverbials
- Verbs and Verb Phrases (VPs)
- 0 Introduction to the VP in Saterland Frisian
- 1 Characteristics and classification of verbs
- 2 Unergative and unaccusative subjects and the auxiliary of the perfect
- 3 Evidentiality in relation to perception and epistemicity
- 4 Types of to-infinitival constituents
- 5 Predication
- 5.1 The auxiliary of being and its selection restrictions
- 5.2 The auxiliary of going and its selection restrictions
- 5.3 The auxiliary of continuation and its selection restrictions
- 5.4 The auxiliary of coming and its selection restrictions
- 5.5 Modal auxiliaries and their selection restrictions
- 5.6 Auxiliaries of body posture and aspect and their selection restrictions
- 5.7 Transitive verbs of predication
- 5.8 The auxiliary of doing used as a semantically empty finite auxiliary
- 5.9 Supplementive predication
- 6 The verbal paradigm, irregularity and suppletion
- 7 Verb Second and the word order in main and embedded clauses
- 8 Various aspects of clause structure
- Adjectives and adjective phrases (APs)
-
- General
- Phonology
- Afrikaans phonology
- Segment inventory
- Overview of Afrikaans vowels
- The diphthongised long vowels /e/, /ø/ and /o/
- The unrounded mid-front vowel /ɛ/
- The unrounded low-central vowel /ɑ/
- The unrounded low-central vowel /a/
- The rounded mid-high back vowel /ɔ/
- The rounded high back vowel /u/
- The rounded and unrounded high front vowels /i/ and /y/
- The unrounded and rounded central vowels /ə/ and /œ/
- The diphthongs /əi/, /œy/ and /œu/
- Overview of Afrikaans consonants
- The bilabial plosives /p/ and /b/
- The alveolar plosives /t/ and /d/
- The velar plosives /k/ and /g/
- The bilabial nasal /m/
- The alveolar nasal /n/
- The velar nasal /ŋ/
- The trill /r/
- The lateral liquid /l/
- The alveolar fricative /s/
- The velar fricative /x/
- The labiodental fricatives /f/ and /v/
- The approximants /ɦ/, /j/ and /ʋ/
- Overview of Afrikaans vowels
- Word stress
- The phonetic properties of stress
- Primary stress on monomorphemic words in Afrikaans
- Background to primary stress in monomorphemes in Afrikaans
- Overview of the Main Stress Rule of Afrikaans
- The short vowels of Afrikaans
- Long vowels in monomorphemes
- Primary stress on diphthongs in monomorphemes
- Exceptions
- Stress shifts in place names
- Stress shift towards word-final position
- Stress pattern of reduplications
- Phonological processes
- Vowel related processes
- Consonant related processes
- Homorganic glide insertion
- Phonology-morphology interface
- Phonotactics
- Morphology
- Syntax
- Afrikaans syntax
- Nouns and noun phrases
- Characteristics of the NP
- Classification of nouns
- Complementation of NPs
- Modification of NPs
- Binominal and partitive constructions
- Referential partitive constructions
- Partitive measure nouns
- Numeral partitive constructions
- Partitive question constructions
- Partitive constructions with nominalised quantifiers
- Partitive predication with prepositions
- Binominal name constructions
- Binominal genitive constructions
- Bare nominal attribution
- Articles and names
- Pronouns
- Quantifiers, determiners and predeterminers
- Syntactic uses of the noun phrase
- Adjectives and adjective phrases
- Characteristics and classification of the AP
- Complementation of APs
- Modification and Degree Quantification of APs
- Comparison by comparative, superlative and equative degree
- Attribution of APs
- Predication of APs
- The partitive adjective construction
- Adverbial use of APs
- Participles and infinitives as adjectives
- Verbs and verb phrases
- Characterisation and classification
- Argument structure
- Verb frame alternations
- Complements of non-main verbs
- Verb clusters
- Complement clauses
- Adverbial modification
- Word order in the clause: Introduction
- Word order in the clause: position of the finite Verb
- Word order in the clause: Clause-initial position
- Word order in the clause: Extraposition and right-dislocation in the postverbal field
- Word order in the middle field
- Emphatic constructions
- Adpositions and adposition phrases
-ist ( /ɪst/) is a stress-bearing non-native productive cohering suffix found in nouns of common gender denoting male persons, based on words and bound forms of foreign origin.
On semantic grounds, two groups of nouns in -ist can be distinguished: jobs or function names, e.g. journalist journalist and telefonist telephone operator, and follower of a certain conviction or movement, e.g. boeddhist Buddhist and stalinist stalinist. For the second type of -ist derivations, there usually is a corresponding noun in -ism denoting ideology, movement, etc., e.g. boeddhisme Buddhism, stalinisme stalinism.
On formal grounds, three types of derivations can be distinguished, viz. those on nominal bases (e.g. journalist, cf. journaal), those with a bound form as basis (e.g. componist composer, cf. componeren to compose), and those on adjectival bases (e.g. modernist modernist).
There is also an unproductive variant -ast, as in cineast cinematographer (a loan) and gymnasiast high school student (< gymnasium). Various forms in -ist (and in -ast) are loans.
-ist ( /ɪst/) is an international productive suffix found in nouns denoting male persons (also in gender-neutral usage), ultimately going back to Greek (etymologiebank, affixes.org). Bases are both words and bound forms, usually of foreign origin.
On semantic grounds, De Haas and Trommelen (1993: 224) distinguish two groups of nouns in -ist: jobs or function names, e.g. journalist journalist and telefonist telephonist, and follower of a certain conviction or movement, e.g. boeddhist Buddhist and stalinist stalinist. For the second type of -ist derivations, there usually is a corresponding noun in -isme denoting ideology, movement, etc., e.g. boeddhisme Buddhism, stalinisme stalinism.
On formal grounds, on the other hand, (De Haas and Trommelen 1993) distinguish three types of derivations in -ist, viz. those on nominal bases, those with a bound form as basis, and those on adjectival bases. More on these subtypes below.
Verbal bases do not occur, with one possible exception mentioned by De Haas and Trommelen (1993: 224), viz. typist typist, which may very well be a loan from English (Etymologiebank).
- denominal -ist derivations take as their base simplex or complex nouns, usually belonging to the non-native lexical stock. Cases in point are job or function names like journalist journalist (cf. journaal journal), lokettist clerk (cf. loket counter), parachutist parachutist (cf. parachute parachute), bloemist florist (cf. bloem flower), cartoonist cartoonist (< cartoon), as well as nouns denoting followers of a certain conviction or movement such as symbolist symbolist (< symbool symbol) and fetisjist fetishist (< fetisj fetish). Proper names, especially foreign ones, are popular as bases as well, and then the semantics is typically follower of a certain conviction or movement, e.g. stalinist stalinist (< Stalin), leninist leninist (< Lenin), boeddhist Buddhist (< Boeddha), poujadist Poujadist (< Poujade), Carlist Carlist (< Carlos), calvinist Calvinist (< Calvijn). The suffix is very productive in the area of musicians' jobs names: violist violinist (cf. viool violin), pianist piano player (cf. piano piano), saxofonist saxophone player (cf. saxofoon saxophone), tenorist tenor (saxophone) player, vocalist vocalist, tubaist tuba player, harpist harp player, klavecinist harpsichord player (cf. klavecimbel harpsichord and Fr. clavecinharpsichord). extra
Nouns like fluitist flutist and (recent) toetsenist keyboard player are noteworthy in having bases (fluit flute and toets key) that are not recognisably non-native. Ultimately, however, they derive from French, cf. Etymologiebank here and here. hoornist horn player may be based on a genuine native stem hoorn horn (Etymologiebank), but given that comparable forms are found in the neighboring languages, borrowing cannot be excluded as a possibility; paukenist timpanist is noteworthy because of the link morpheme -en that may be explainable from the fact that pauken timpani is almost always used in plural, that is, it is almost a plurale tantum; the same link morpheme -en is found in the aforementioned toetsenist keyboard player, possible with the same type of explanation.
Native bases as in bloemist florist (< bloem flower) are even rarer than they are in English (cf. Bauer et al. (2013: 223) who list forms like duckist, fattist, keyboardist, landscapist, womanist whose Dutch counterparts are all ungrammatical).
- A number of -ist formations has a bound form (root) as basis, that is, the base does not occur independently, although it is found in other derived words (cf. non-native derivation), e.g. componist composer (cf. componeren to compose), jurist legal expert (cf. juridisch legal), drogist druggist (< Fr. droguisteseller of medicine and herbs < Du. droog dry, see Etymologiebank), nudist nudist (cf. nudisme nudism). extra
De Haas and Trommelen (1993: 225) suggest we find affix allomorphy in cases like comparatist comparatist (-atist) and congreganist congreganist (-anist), where -atist in turn may be built from -ist and a suffix -at that can never function as a closing suffix (cf. discussion on -ateur in -eur). An analysis in terms of stem allomorphy, finding its roots in intricacies of Romance morphology, therefore seems at least as viable. A comparable explanation is available for forms such as Platonist Platonist < Plato: in classical Greek, this name ended in /n/.
- A smaller number of -ist formations has a (non-native) adjective as base, e.g. modernist modernist, specialist specialist, activist activist. If the base adjectives are formed with the (foreign) suffixes -eel or -air, these change into -aal and -aar, respectively, just as in the case of suffixes like -iteit and -isme.
adjective -ist formation -isme formation -iteit formation rationeel rational rationalist rationalist rationalisme rationalism rationaliteit rationality functioneel functional functionalist functionalist functionalisme functionalism functionaliteit functionality militair military militarist militarist militarisme militarisme militariteit militarity
The suffix -ist is stress-bearing: stress is on the suffix: modernist modern-ist /mo.dɛr.'nɪst/ (< modern /mo.'dɛrn/), dadaist /da.da.'ɪst/ dadaist (< Da'da). As the phonological representation shows, the suffix is cohering: syllabification does not respect the morphological structure.
If the base ends in schwa, this is deleted (per the rule of prevocalic schwa deletion), as in methodist methodist (cf. methode method). In stems ending in /-i/, there is usually vowel deletion (marconist wireless operator, cf. Marconi, alchemist alchemist, cf. alchemie alchemy, anarchist anarchist, cf. anar'chie anarchy, kolonist settler, cf. ko'lonie colony). If the base word ends in another full vowel, it is unpredictable whether or not it is deleted (De Haas and Trommelen 1993: 225), cf.:
no vowel deletion | vowel deletion |
dadaist dadaist < Dada Dada | boeddhist Buddhist < Boeddha Buddha |
prozaist prose writer < proza prose | spinozist spinozist < Spinoza Spinoza |
egoist egoist < (Lat.) ego I | cellist cello player < (violin)cello violincello |
hoboist oboist < hobo oboe | solist soloist < solo solo |
kopiist copyist < kopie copy | bigamist bigamist < bigamie bigamy |
In several cases where the base is itself derived bij means of the unstressed suffix -ie there is stem allomorphy, e.g. illusionist illusionist (cf. illusie illusion) and perfectionist perfectionist (cf. perfectie perfection). Stem allomorphy also occurs in stems ending in Greek -ma (dogmatist dogmatist, cf. dogma dogma), and in cases like stalinist /sta.li.'nɪst/ stalinist (< Stalin /'sta.lɪn/ Stalin), calvinist /kɑl.vi.'nɪst/ Calvinist (< Calvijn /kɑl.'vɛɪn/ Calvin) and afgodist /ɑf.γo.'dɪst/ idolator (< afgod /'ɑf.γɔt/ idol, demigod).
De Haas and Trommelen (1993: 225) analyze -onist in derivations such as illusionist illusionist (cf. illusie illusion) and perfectionist (cf. perfectie perfection) as cases of affix allomorphy rather than stem allomorphy. The fact, however, that the part -on occurs in other types of derivation as well (e.g. perfectioneren to (make) perfect) may be taken as an argument in favor of an analysis in terms of stem allomorphy.
Bauer et al. (2013: 223) note that "[o]f all the agentive suffixes, -ist has the greatest propensity to appear on already derived bases'', quoting examples such as adoptionist (< adoption, -ist combining with a derivation in -on), marriagist (< marriage), movementist (< movement, -ist combining with a derivation in -ment), etc. This does not seem to hold for Dutch to the same extent, but note cases such as receptionist (< receptie ), afrikanist (< Afrikaan). and objectivist < objectief.
The jocular arbeiderist proletarianist (< arbeider worker) is the only case of the suffix -ist after the suffix -er. Note that the attested infanterist < infanterie and cavalerist < cavelerie are irrelevant, as is pokerist someone who plays poker.
-ist formations have a plural form in -en (journalisten journalists, telefonisten telephone operators, boeddhisten Buddhists, stalinisten stalinists, componisten composers, modernisten modernists). Female counterparts are formed with the suffix -e, e.g. journaliste female journalist, telefoniste female telephone operator, boeddhiste female Buddhist, staliniste female stalinist, componiste female composer, moderniste female modernist. Diminutives are regularly formed with the suffix allomorph -je (journalistje telefonistje boeddhistje stalinistje) and typically get a depreciatory interpretation. -ist formations can also enter into nominal compounding, both as left-hand parts (terroristenleider terrorist leader, cursistenbegeleidster students companion, toeristenwinkels tourist shops) (note the linking morpheme-en) and as right-hand head parts (fietsenspecialist bicycle specialist, sportjournalist sports journalist)
There is a paradigmatic relation of -ist with the nominal suffix isme (English ism) and the verbal suffix -iseer (English -ize), "suggesting a pocket of [...] derivatives with a paradigmatic flavour", just as in English (Bauer et al. 2013:22).
[This] type of paradigmatic relationship, a correlation between two sets of words of the same degree of morphological complexity, can also be observed in cases where there is no base word that is shared by the word pairs. Consider the following word pairs in -isme and -ist:
altru-isme altruism | altru-ist altruist |
aut-isme autism | aut-ist autist |
bapt-isme baptism | bapt-ist baptist |
commun-isme communism | commun-ist communist |
pacif-isme pacifism | pacif-ist pacifist |
The paradigmatic relationship between these two schemas may lead to the coining of new words. For instance, if we know what determinisme is, we can easily coin the word determinist, and then we know that this word denotes a person believing in determinism. The same holds for nouns in -ist with a lexeme as their base, such as Marxist and socialist. A Marxist is an adherent of Marxism and not necessarily a follower of Marx, since Marxism as a doctrine encompasses more than the ideas of Marx (in fact, Marx himself declared that he was not a Marxist. Similarly, a socialist is not necessarily a social person but an adherent of the ideology of socialism.
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- 1993Morfologisch handboek van het Nederlands. Een overzicht van de woordvormingSDU Uitgeverij
- 1993Morfologisch handboek van het Nederlands. Een overzicht van de woordvormingSDU Uitgeverij
- 1993Morfologisch handboek van het Nederlands. Een overzicht van de woordvormingSDU Uitgeverij
- 1993Morfologisch handboek van het Nederlands. Een overzicht van de woordvormingSDU Uitgeverij
- 1993Morfologisch handboek van het Nederlands. Een overzicht van de woordvormingSDU Uitgeverij