- Dutch
- Frisian
- Afrikaans
- Dutch
- Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Phonotactics
- Phonological processes
- Phonology-morphology interface
- Word stress
- Primary stress in simplex words
- Monomorphemic words
- Diachronic aspects
- Generalizations on stress placement
- Default penultimate stress
- Lexical stress
- The closed penult restriction
- Final closed syllables
- The diphthong restriction
- Superheavy syllables (SHS)
- The three-syllable window
- Segmental restrictions
- Phonetic correlates
- Stress shifts in loanwords
- Quantity-sensitivity
- Secondary stress
- Vowel reduction in unstressed syllables
- Stress in complex words
- Primary stress in simplex words
- Accent & intonation
- Clitics
- Spelling
- Morphology
- Word formation
- Compounding
- Nominal compounds
- Verbal compounds
- Adjectival compounds
- Affixoids
- Coordinative compounds
- Synthetic compounds
- Reduplicative compounds
- Phrase-based compounds
- Elative compounds
- Exocentric compounds
- Linking elements
- Separable complex verbs (SCVs)
- Gapping of complex words
- Particle verbs
- Copulative compounds
- Derivation
- Numerals
- Derivation: inputs and input restrictions
- The meaning of affixes
- Non-native morphology
- Cohering and non-cohering affixes
- Prefixation
- Suffixation
- Nominal suffixation: person nouns
- Conversion
- Pseudo-participles
- Bound forms
- Nouns
- Nominal prefixes
- Nominal suffixes
- -aal and -eel
- -aar
- -aard
- -aat
- -air
- -aris
- -ast
- Diminutives
- -dom
- -een
- -ees
- -el (nominal)
- -elaar
- -enis
- -er (nominal)
- -erd
- -erik
- -es
- -eur
- -euse
- ge...te
- -heid
- -iaan, -aan
- -ief
- -iek
- -ier
- -ier (French)
- -ière
- -iet
- -igheid
- -ij and allomorphs
- -ijn
- -in
- -ing
- -isme
- -ist
- -iteit
- -ling
- -oir
- -oot
- -rice
- -schap
- -schap (de)
- -schap (het)
- -sel
- -st
- -ster
- -t
- -tal
- -te
- -voud
- Verbs
- Adjectives
- Adverbs
- Univerbation
- Neo-classical word formation
- Construction-dependent morphology
- Morphological productivity
- Compounding
- Inflection
- Inflection and derivation
- Allomorphy
- The interface between phonology and morphology
- Word formation
- Syntax
- Preface and acknowledgements
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- 1 Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of verb phrases I:Argument structure
- 3 Projection of verb phrases II:Verb frame alternations
- Introduction
- 3.1. Main types
- 3.2. Alternations involving the external argument
- 3.3. Alternations of noun phrases and PPs
- 3.3.1. Dative/PP alternations (dative shift)
- 3.3.1.1. Dative alternation with aan-phrases (recipients)
- 3.3.1.2. Dative alternation with naar-phrases (goals)
- 3.3.1.3. Dative alternation with van-phrases (sources)
- 3.3.1.4. Dative alternation with bij-phrases (possessors)
- 3.3.1.5. Dative alternation with voor-phrases (benefactives)
- 3.3.1.6. Conclusion
- 3.3.1.7. Bibliographical notes
- 3.3.2. Accusative/PP alternations
- 3.3.3. Nominative/PP alternations
- 3.3.1. Dative/PP alternations (dative shift)
- 3.4. Some apparent cases of verb frame alternation
- 3.5. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of verb phrases IIIa:Selection of clauses/verb phrases
- 5 Projection of verb phrases IIIb:Argument and complementive clauses
- Introduction
- 5.1. Finite argument clauses
- 5.2. Infinitival argument clauses
- 5.3. Complementive clauses
- 6 Projection of verb phrases IIIc:Complements of non-main verbs
- 7 Projection of verb phrases IIId:Verb clusters
- 8 Projection of verb phrases IV: Adverbial modification
- 9 Word order in the clause I:General introduction
- 10 Word order in the clause II:Position of the finite verb (verb-first/second)
- 11 Word order in the clause III:Clause-initial position (wh-movement)
- Introduction
- 11.1. The formation of V1- and V2-clauses
- 11.2. Clause-initial position remains (phonetically) empty
- 11.3. Clause-initial position is filled
- 12 Word order in the clause IV:Postverbal field (extraposition)
- 13 Word order in the clause V: Middle field (scrambling)
- 14 Main-clause external elements
- Nouns and Noun Phrases
- 1 Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of noun phrases I: complementation
- Introduction
- 2.1. General observations
- 2.2. Prepositional and nominal complements
- 2.3. Clausal complements
- 2.4. Bibliographical notes
- 3 Projection of noun phrases II: modification
- Introduction
- 3.1. Restrictive and non-restrictive modifiers
- 3.2. Premodification
- 3.3. Postmodification
- 3.3.1. Adpositional phrases
- 3.3.2. Relative clauses
- 3.3.3. Infinitival clauses
- 3.3.4. A special case: clauses referring to a proposition
- 3.3.5. Adjectival phrases
- 3.3.6. Adverbial postmodification
- 3.4. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of noun phrases III: binominal constructions
- Introduction
- 4.1. Binominal constructions without a preposition
- 4.2. Binominal constructions with a preposition
- 4.3. Bibliographical notes
- 5 Determiners: articles and pronouns
- Introduction
- 5.1. Articles
- 5.2. Pronouns
- 5.3. Bibliographical notes
- 6 Numerals and quantifiers
- 7 Pre-determiners
- Introduction
- 7.1. The universal quantifier al 'all' and its alternants
- 7.2. The pre-determiner heel 'all/whole'
- 7.3. A note on focus particles
- 7.4. Bibliographical notes
- 8 Syntactic uses of noun phrases
- Adjectives and Adjective Phrases
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- 2 Projection of adjective phrases I: Complementation
- 3 Projection of adjective phrases II: Modification
- 4 Projection of adjective phrases III: Comparison
- 5 Attributive use of the adjective phrase
- 6 Predicative use of the adjective phrase
- 7 The partitive genitive construction
- 8 Adverbial use of the adjective phrase
- 9 Participles and infinitives: their adjectival use
- 10 Special constructions
- Adpositions and adpositional phrases
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- Introduction
- 1.1. Characterization of the category adposition
- 1.2. A formal classification of adpositional phrases
- 1.3. A semantic classification of adpositional phrases
- 1.3.1. Spatial adpositions
- 1.3.2. Temporal adpositions
- 1.3.3. Non-spatial/temporal prepositions
- 1.4. Borderline cases
- 1.5. Bibliographical notes
- 2 Projection of adpositional phrases: Complementation
- 3 Projection of adpositional phrases: Modification
- 4 Syntactic uses of the adpositional phrase
- 5 R-pronominalization and R-words
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- Phonology
- Frisian
- Introduction to Frisian
- Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Phonotactics
- Phonological Processes
- Assimilation
- Vowel nasalization
- Syllabic sonorants
- Final devoicing
- Fake geminates
- Vowel hiatus resolution
- Vowel reduction introduction
- Schwa deletion
- Schwa insertion
- /r/-deletion
- d-insertion
- {s/z}-insertion
- t-deletion
- Intrusive stop formation
- Breaking
- Vowel shortening
- h-deletion
- Replacement of the glide w
- Word stress
- Clitics
- Allomorphy
- Orthography of Frisian
- Morphology
- Inflection
- Word formation
- Derivation
- Prefixation
- Infixation
- Suffixation
- Nominal suffixes
- Verbal suffixes
- Adjectival suffixes
- Adverbial suffixes
- Numeral suffixes
- Interjectional suffixes
- Onomastic suffixes
- Conversion
- Derivation
- Syntax
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Unergative and unaccusative subjects
- Evidentiality
- To-infinitival clauses
- Predication and noun incorporation
- Ellipsis
- Imperativus-pro-Infinitivo
- Expression of irrealis
- Embedded Verb Second
- Agreement
- Negation
- Nouns & Noun Phrases
- Classification
- Complementation
- Modification
- Partitive noun constructions
- Referential partitive constructions
- Partitive measure nouns
- Numeral partitive constructions
- Partitive question constructions
- Nominalised quantifiers
- Kind partitives
- Partitive predication with prepositions
- Bare nominal attributions
- Articles and names
- Pronouns
- Quantifiers and (pre)determiners
- Interrogative pronouns
- R-pronouns
- Syntactic uses
- Adjective Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification and degree quantification
- Comparison by degree
- Comparative
- Superlative
- Equative
- Attribution
- Agreement
- Attributive adjectives vs. prenominal elements
- Complex adjectives
- Noun ellipsis
- Co-occurring adjectives
- Predication
- Partitive adjective constructions
- Adverbial use
- Participles and infinitives
- Adposition Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification
- Intransitive adpositions
- Predication
- Preposition stranding
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- Afrikaans
- Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Overview of Afrikaans vowels
- The rounded and unrounded high front vowels /i/ and /y/
- The diphthongised long vowels /e/, /ø/ and /o/
- The unrounded mid-front vowel /ɛ/
- The unrounded low-central vowel /ɑ/
- The unrounded low-central vowel /a/
- The rounded mid-high back vowel /ɔ/
- The rounded high back vowel /u/
- The unrounded and rounded central vowels /ə/ and /œ/
- The diphthongs /əi/, /œy/ and /œu/
- Overview of Afrikaans Consonants
- The bilabial plosives /p/ and /b/
- The alveolar plosives /t/ and /d/
- The velar plosives /k/ and /g/
- The bilabial nasal /m/
- The alveolar nasal /n/
- The velar nasal /ŋ/
- The trill /r/
- The lateral liquid /l/
- The labiodental fricatives /f/ and /v/
- The alveolar fricatives /s/ and /z/
- The velar fricative /x/
- The approximants /ɦ/, /j/ and /ʋ/
- Overview of Afrikaans vowels
- Word stress
- The phonetic properties of stress
- Primary stress on monomorphemic words in Afrikaans
- Background to primary stress in monomorphemes in Afrikaans
- Overview of the Main Stress Rule of Afrikaans
- The short vowels of Afrikaans
- Long vowels in monomorphemes
- Primary stress on diphthongs in monomorphemes
- Exceptions
- Stress shifts in place names
- Stress shift towards word-final position
- Stress pattern of reduplications
- Phonological Processes
- Phonotactics
- Segment inventory
- Morphology
- Syntax
- Introduction to Noun Phrases
- Introduction to Adjective Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification and degree quantification
- Comparison by comparative, superlative and equative degree
- Attribution
- Predication
- The partitive adjective construction
- Adverbial use
- Participles and infinitives as adjectives
- Introduction to Verb Phrases
- Phonology
Container nouns refer to objects which integrate other objects, referred to by the content noun, into a large whole.
An example of a bare partitive construction with a container noun is given below:
In grutte doaze flikken |
a big box chocolate.drops |
A big box of chocolate drops |
This example shows that the container noun may be modified by attributive adjectives. Container nouns allow the content noun to be realised in an Adpositional Phrase (PP) introduced by the preposition meiwith:
In doaze mei flikken |
a box with chocolate.drops |
A box of chocolate drops |
Container nouns also allow the content noun to be preceded by the functional element folfull, that is related to the homophonous adjective (for ease of reference, the functional element folfull will be referred to as an adjective):
In doaze fol flikken |
a box full chocolate.drops |
A box full of chocolate drops |
Container nouns allow the noun of descriptive content to be preceded by the combination of adjective and preposition fol meifull of:
In doaze fol mei flikken |
a box full with chocolate.drops |
A box full of chocolate drops |
Question formation can only target the construction with an Adjective Phrase (AP) and a PP, not the other ones:
a. | *Wat siet de doaze? | ||||||||||||||
what sat the box | |||||||||||||||
What was the box (full of)? |
b. | *Wêr siet de doaze mei? | ||||||||||||||
what.R sat the box with | |||||||||||||||
What was the box (full) of? |
c. | Wêr siet de doaze fol mei? | ||||||||||||||
what.R sat the box full with | |||||||||||||||
What was the box full of? |
Extraction is allowed only in case the phrase containing the content noun can function as a predicate to a copula:
a. | *De doaze siet flikken | ||||||||||||||
the box sat chocolate.drops | |||||||||||||||
The box was full of chocolate drops |
b. | *De doaze siet mei flikken | ||||||||||||||
the box sat with chocolate.drops | |||||||||||||||
The box was full of chocolate drops |
c. | De doaze siet fol mei flikken | ||||||||||||||
the box sat full with chocolate.drops | |||||||||||||||
The box was full of chocolate drops |
The copula sittesit is commonly used in examples such as the ones above, although in older Frisian the copula wêzebe was used. An example is given below:
Wêr wie de doaze fol mei? |
what.R was the box full with |
What was the box full of? |
There are many examples in which the container noun must be joined to the content noun by means of an overt element like folfull or meiwith, and in which a bare partitive construction is excluded. An example is the minimal pair below:
a. | In fytstas mei boadskippen | ||||||||||||||
a bicycle.bag with shopping | |||||||||||||||
A bicycle bag with shopping in it |
b. | *In fytstas boadskippen | ||||||||||||||
a bicycle.bag shopping | |||||||||||||||
A bicycle bag with shopping in it |
Another example is provided below:
a. | In doaze mei gatten | ||||||||||||||
a box with holes | |||||||||||||||
A box with holes |
b. | *In doaze gatten | ||||||||||||||
a box holes | |||||||||||||||
A box of holes |
Nevertheless, the bare partitive construction may exhibit a light degree of recursion in the presence of container nouns, as in the following example:
In seispak blikjes bier |
a six.PAck cans beer |
A six.PAck of cans of beer |
The construction with a preposition also allows of recursion:
In seispak mei blikjes mei bier |
a six.PAck with cans with beer |
A six.PAck of cans of beer |
The construction with a preposition and an adjective also allows recursion:
In seispak fol mei blikjes fol mei bier |
a six.PAck full with cans full with beer |
A six.PAck full of cans full of beer |
The last example seems to have a slightly different meaning. It suggests that the six.PAck was not meant to be for cans, and that the cans were not meant for beer.
- Dutch
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- Intonation
[76%] Dutch > Phonology > Accent & intonation
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[75%] Dutch > Phonology > Phonotactics
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[74%] Dutch > Phonology > Spelling
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[73%] Dutch > Phonology > Accent & intonation
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[73%] Dutch > Phonology > Phonology-morphology interface > Allomorphy
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[78%] Frisian > Phonology > Phonological Processes > Final devoicing
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[77%] Frisian > Phonology > Clitics
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[76%] Frisian > Phonology > Orthography of Frisian
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[73%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonological Processes > Vowel related processes
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[71%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonological Processes > Consonant related processes
- Dutch
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- Case - the partitive construction
[81%] Dutch > Morphology > Inflection > Nouns > Case
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[78%] Dutch > Morphology > Word formation > Compounding
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[81%] Frisian > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation > Suffixation > Nominal suffixes > Noun as base
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- Cardinal numbers
[80%] Frisian > Morphology > Inflection > Numerals
- Ellipsis
[80%] Frisian > Morphology > Inflection > Adjectives
- Derivation
[80%] Frisian > Morphology > Word formation
- Inputs and input restrictions
[73%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation > Affixation
- Meaning of affixes
[71%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation > Affixation
- Prefixation
[71%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation > Affixation
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[70%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation
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[69%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation > Affixation
- Dutch
- Frisian
- Afrikaans
- 2.2.1. Tests for distinguishing PP-complements from PP-adjuncts
[83%] Dutch > Syntax > Nouns and Noun Phrases > 2 Projection of noun phrases I: complementation > 2.2. Prepositional and nominal complements
- 1.3.2. Deadjectival nouns
[82%] Dutch > Syntax > Nouns and Noun Phrases > 1 Characterization and classification > 1.3. Derivation of nouns
- 8.2.1. Nominal predicates
[82%] Dutch > Syntax > Nouns and Noun Phrases > 8 Syntactic uses of noun phrases > 8.2. Predicative use of the noun phrase
- 1.3.2.1. The set-denoting property
[82%] Dutch > Syntax > Adjectives and Adjective Phrases > 1 Characteristics and classification > 1.3. A semantic classification > 1.3.2. Set-denoting adjectives
- 2.2.5.1. Form and position of the arguments
[82%] Dutch > Syntax > Nouns and Noun Phrases > 2 Projection of noun phrases I: complementation > 2.2. Prepositional and nominal complements > 2.2.5. Picture and story nouns
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[80%] Frisian > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases > Negation
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[79%] Frisian > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases > Negation
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[79%] Frisian > Syntax > Adjective Phrases > Modification and degree quantification > High degree specification > With infinitival clauses
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[79%] Frisian > Syntax > Adjective Phrases > Modification and degree quantification > Others > APs as PPs
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[77%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Adjective Phrases > Modification and degree quantification
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[77%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Adjective Phrases > Comparison by comparative, superlative and equative degree
