- Dutch
- Frisian
- Afrikaans
- Dutch
- Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Phonotactics
- Phonological processes
- Phonology-morphology interface
- Word stress
- Primary stress in simplex words
- Monomorphemic words
- Diachronic aspects
- Generalizations on stress placement
- Default penultimate stress
- Lexical stress
- The closed penult restriction
- Final closed syllables
- The diphthong restriction
- Superheavy syllables (SHS)
- The three-syllable window
- Segmental restrictions
- Phonetic correlates
- Stress shifts in loanwords
- Quantity-sensitivity
- Secondary stress
- Vowel reduction in unstressed syllables
- Stress in complex words
- Primary stress in simplex words
- Accent & intonation
- Clitics
- Spelling
- Morphology
- Word formation
- Compounding
- Nominal compounds
- Verbal compounds
- Adjectival compounds
- Affixoids
- Coordinative compounds
- Synthetic compounds
- Reduplicative compounds
- Phrase-based compounds
- Elative compounds
- Exocentric compounds
- Linking elements
- Separable complex verbs (SCVs)
- Gapping of complex words
- Particle verbs
- Copulative compounds
- Derivation
- Numerals
- Derivation: inputs and input restrictions
- The meaning of affixes
- Non-native morphology
- Cohering and non-cohering affixes
- Prefixation
- Suffixation
- Nominal suffixation: person nouns
- Conversion
- Pseudo-participles
- Bound forms
- Nouns
- Nominal prefixes
- Nominal suffixes
- -aal and -eel
- -aar
- -aard
- -aat
- -air
- -aris
- -ast
- Diminutives
- -dom
- -een
- -ees
- -el (nominal)
- -elaar
- -enis
- -er (nominal)
- -erd
- -erik
- -es
- -eur
- -euse
- ge...te
- -heid
- -iaan, -aan
- -ief
- -iek
- -ier
- -ier (French)
- -ière
- -iet
- -igheid
- -ij and allomorphs
- -ijn
- -in
- -ing
- -isme
- -ist
- -iteit
- -ling
- -oir
- -oot
- -rice
- -schap
- -schap (de)
- -schap (het)
- -sel
- -st
- -ster
- -t
- -tal
- -te
- -voud
- Verbs
- Adjectives
- Adverbs
- Univerbation
- Neo-classical word formation
- Construction-dependent morphology
- Morphological productivity
- Compounding
- Inflection
- Inflection and derivation
- Allomorphy
- The interface between phonology and morphology
- Word formation
- Syntax
- Preface and acknowledgements
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- 1 Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of verb phrases I:Argument structure
- 3 Projection of verb phrases II:Verb frame alternations
- Introduction
- 3.1. Main types
- 3.2. Alternations involving the external argument
- 3.3. Alternations of noun phrases and PPs
- 3.3.1. Dative/PP alternations (dative shift)
- 3.3.1.1. Dative alternation with aan-phrases (recipients)
- 3.3.1.2. Dative alternation with naar-phrases (goals)
- 3.3.1.3. Dative alternation with van-phrases (sources)
- 3.3.1.4. Dative alternation with bij-phrases (possessors)
- 3.3.1.5. Dative alternation with voor-phrases (benefactives)
- 3.3.1.6. Conclusion
- 3.3.1.7. Bibliographical notes
- 3.3.2. Accusative/PP alternations
- 3.3.3. Nominative/PP alternations
- 3.3.1. Dative/PP alternations (dative shift)
- 3.4. Some apparent cases of verb frame alternation
- 3.5. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of verb phrases IIIa:Selection of clauses/verb phrases
- 5 Projection of verb phrases IIIb:Argument and complementive clauses
- Introduction
- 5.1. Finite argument clauses
- 5.2. Infinitival argument clauses
- 5.3. Complementive clauses
- 6 Projection of verb phrases IIIc:Complements of non-main verbs
- 7 Projection of verb phrases IIId:Verb clusters
- 8 Projection of verb phrases IV: Adverbial modification
- 9 Word order in the clause I:General introduction
- 10 Word order in the clause II:Position of the finite verb (verb-first/second)
- 11 Word order in the clause III:Clause-initial position (wh-movement)
- Introduction
- 11.1. The formation of V1- and V2-clauses
- 11.2. Clause-initial position remains (phonetically) empty
- 11.3. Clause-initial position is filled
- 12 Word order in the clause IV:Postverbal field (extraposition)
- 13 Word order in the clause V: Middle field (scrambling)
- 14 Main-clause external elements
- Nouns and Noun Phrases
- 1 Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of noun phrases I: complementation
- Introduction
- 2.1. General observations
- 2.2. Prepositional and nominal complements
- 2.3. Clausal complements
- 2.4. Bibliographical notes
- 3 Projection of noun phrases II: modification
- Introduction
- 3.1. Restrictive and non-restrictive modifiers
- 3.2. Premodification
- 3.3. Postmodification
- 3.3.1. Adpositional phrases
- 3.3.2. Relative clauses
- 3.3.3. Infinitival clauses
- 3.3.4. A special case: clauses referring to a proposition
- 3.3.5. Adjectival phrases
- 3.3.6. Adverbial postmodification
- 3.4. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of noun phrases III: binominal constructions
- Introduction
- 4.1. Binominal constructions without a preposition
- 4.2. Binominal constructions with a preposition
- 4.3. Bibliographical notes
- 5 Determiners: articles and pronouns
- Introduction
- 5.1. Articles
- 5.2. Pronouns
- 5.3. Bibliographical notes
- 6 Numerals and quantifiers
- 7 Pre-determiners
- Introduction
- 7.1. The universal quantifier al 'all' and its alternants
- 7.2. The pre-determiner heel 'all/whole'
- 7.3. A note on focus particles
- 7.4. Bibliographical notes
- 8 Syntactic uses of noun phrases
- Adjectives and Adjective Phrases
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- 2 Projection of adjective phrases I: Complementation
- 3 Projection of adjective phrases II: Modification
- 4 Projection of adjective phrases III: Comparison
- 5 Attributive use of the adjective phrase
- 6 Predicative use of the adjective phrase
- 7 The partitive genitive construction
- 8 Adverbial use of the adjective phrase
- 9 Participles and infinitives: their adjectival use
- 10 Special constructions
- Adpositions and adpositional phrases
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- Introduction
- 1.1. Characterization of the category adposition
- 1.2. A formal classification of adpositional phrases
- 1.3. A semantic classification of adpositional phrases
- 1.3.1. Spatial adpositions
- 1.3.2. Temporal adpositions
- 1.3.3. Non-spatial/temporal prepositions
- 1.4. Borderline cases
- 1.5. Bibliographical notes
- 2 Projection of adpositional phrases: Complementation
- 3 Projection of adpositional phrases: Modification
- 4 Syntactic uses of the adpositional phrase
- 5 R-pronominalization and R-words
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- Phonology
- Frisian
- Introduction to Frisian
- Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Phonotactics
- Phonological Processes
- Assimilation
- Vowel nasalization
- Syllabic sonorants
- Final devoicing
- Fake geminates
- Vowel hiatus resolution
- Vowel reduction introduction
- Schwa deletion
- Schwa insertion
- /r/-deletion
- d-insertion
- {s/z}-insertion
- t-deletion
- Intrusive stop formation
- Breaking
- Vowel shortening
- h-deletion
- Replacement of the glide w
- Word stress
- Clitics
- Allomorphy
- Orthography of Frisian
- Morphology
- Inflection
- Word formation
- Derivation
- Prefixation
- Infixation
- Suffixation
- Nominal suffixes
- Verbal suffixes
- Adjectival suffixes
- Adverbial suffixes
- Numeral suffixes
- Interjectional suffixes
- Onomastic suffixes
- Conversion
- Derivation
- Syntax
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Unergative and unaccusative subjects
- Evidentiality
- To-infinitival clauses
- Predication and noun incorporation
- Ellipsis
- Imperativus-pro-Infinitivo
- Expression of irrealis
- Embedded Verb Second
- Agreement
- Negation
- Nouns & Noun Phrases
- Classification
- Complementation
- Modification
- Partitive noun constructions
- Referential partitive constructions
- Partitive measure nouns
- Numeral partitive constructions
- Partitive question constructions
- Nominalised quantifiers
- Kind partitives
- Partitive predication with prepositions
- Bare nominal attributions
- Articles and names
- Pronouns
- Quantifiers and (pre)determiners
- Interrogative pronouns
- R-pronouns
- Syntactic uses
- Adjective Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification and degree quantification
- Comparison by degree
- Comparative
- Superlative
- Equative
- Attribution
- Agreement
- Attributive adjectives vs. prenominal elements
- Complex adjectives
- Noun ellipsis
- Co-occurring adjectives
- Predication
- Partitive adjective constructions
- Adverbial use
- Participles and infinitives
- Adposition Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification
- Intransitive adpositions
- Predication
- Preposition stranding
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- Afrikaans
- Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Overview of Afrikaans vowels
- The rounded and unrounded high front vowels /i/ and /y/
- The diphthongised long vowels /e/, /ø/ and /o/
- The unrounded mid-front vowel /ɛ/
- The unrounded low-central vowel /ɑ/
- The unrounded low-central vowel /a/
- The rounded mid-high back vowel /ɔ/
- The rounded high back vowel /u/
- The unrounded and rounded central vowels /ə/ and /œ/
- The diphthongs /əi/, /œy/ and /œu/
- Overview of Afrikaans Consonants
- The bilabial plosives /p/ and /b/
- The alveolar plosives /t/ and /d/
- The velar plosives /k/ and /g/
- The bilabial nasal /m/
- The alveolar nasal /n/
- The velar nasal /ŋ/
- The trill /r/
- The lateral liquid /l/
- The labiodental fricatives /f/ and /v/
- The alveolar fricatives /s/ and /z/
- The velar fricative /x/
- The approximants /ɦ/, /j/ and /ʋ/
- Overview of Afrikaans vowels
- Word stress
- The phonetic properties of stress
- Primary stress on monomorphemic words in Afrikaans
- Background to primary stress in monomorphemes in Afrikaans
- Overview of the Main Stress Rule of Afrikaans
- The short vowels of Afrikaans
- Long vowels in monomorphemes
- Primary stress on diphthongs in monomorphemes
- Exceptions
- Stress shifts in place names
- Stress shift towards word-final position
- Stress pattern of reduplications
- Phonological Processes
- Phonotactics
- Segment inventory
- Morphology
- Syntax
- Introduction to Noun Phrases
- Introduction to Adjective Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification and degree quantification
- Comparison by comparative, superlative and equative degree
- Attribution
- Predication
- The partitive adjective construction
- Adverbial use
- Participles and infinitives as adjectives
- Introduction to Verb Phrases
- Phonology
If a suffix is added to an adjective in order to create a noun, basically two things can happen. In the first place, the adjective itself can be nominalized, and hence the property it denotes as well. A typical suffix to perform this task is -ens. Thus from the adjective griengreen we can derive the noun grienensgreenness, which means something like 'the property of being green'.
In the second place, the derivation can also apply to an external entity that has the described property. Here it is not only the predicate that is nominalized, but the suffix rather binds an argument of the predicate. In the propositional schema "x is A", the nominalization also applies to the argument x, not only to A, as in the case of grienens above. Take as an example the adjective lomprude. The suffix -ert can derive personal nouns, resulting in lompertlout, which denotes a person that is rude. Not only are persons attributed a specific property, also things, locations, and what may be described as circumstances.
This pattern shows a certain parallellism with what is going on with verbs. There the nominalization of the verb itself results in an action noun. But the nominalization could also be directed at one of the verb's arguments, yielding, for instance, agent nouns or patient nouns.
The most frequent suffixes to nominalize a property are -ens, -heid and -ichheid. They show a certain complimentary distribution, which is the reason why they are treated here in one topic. The suffix -ens is exclusively a property nominalizer; -heid and -ichheid may also be used more concretely. In that case, they usually denote certain circumstances that have the relevant property. Something comparable applies to the unproductive suffixes -dom, -skip and -te. This has a variant -tme that is typically used in an elevated style. The idiosyncratic suffix -de also belongs to this category. Non-native bases have the non-native suffix -iteit.
Many of the adjective nominalizations denoting a person have a pejorative connotation. This applies to -ert, -es, the typical Frisian twins -sma and -stra and in a sense also to -ling and to the diminutive suffix -DIM. More neutral are -e and -en and its variant -enien, suffixes that could be considered to represent lexicalized instances of nominal ellipsis. In addition, -e has as a special function that it may also form female inhabitant names. The suffix -ist is restricted to non-native bases.
Derivations denoting things can be related to the suffixes -DIM, -ing, -ling, and, quite rarely so, -en. The suffix -iteit is for non-native bases, although this rule has two exceptions. For locations, -e, -enij, -ing and -te may be used. Somewhat more abstract are circumstances, which can be referred to with the help of -heid, -ichheid, -te and -tme.
More details about the suffixes can be found by following the corresponding links, below presented in alphabetical order:
- Dutch
- Frisian
- Afrikaans
- Phonological processes in casual speech
[80%] Dutch > Phonology > Phonological processes
- Phonotactics at the word level
[79%] Dutch > Phonology > Phonotactics
- Diminutive allomorphy
[79%] Dutch > Phonology > Phonology-morphology interface > Allomorphy
- Intonation
[79%] Dutch > Phonology > Accent & intonation
- The spelling of linking elements in compounds
[78%] Dutch > Phonology > Spelling
- The phonological domain of Final Devoicing
[84%] Frisian > Phonology > Phonological Processes > Final devoicing
- /d/-insertion in the sequences /nər/, /lər/, and /rər/
[83%] Frisian > Phonology > Phonological Processes
- The syllabic affiliation of prevocalic glides
[82%] Frisian > Phonology > Segment inventory > Consonants > Glides
- /t/-deletion before the suffix -st
[82%] Frisian > Phonology > Phonological Processes
- Cliticization
[82%] Frisian > Phonology > Clitics
- The phonotactics of Afrikaans
[77%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonotactics
- Nasalization
[76%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonological Processes > Vowel related processes
- Homorganic glide insertion
[76%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonological Processes
- Ambisyllabicity
[75%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonotactics
- Rhotacism
[75%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonological Processes > Consonant related processes
- Dutch
- Frisian
- Afrikaans
- -ing
[82%] Dutch > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation > Nouns > Nominal suffixes
- Separable complex verbs (SCVs)
[82%] Dutch > Morphology > Word formation > Compounding
- Case - the partitive construction
[82%] Dutch > Morphology > Inflection > Nouns > Case
- Adjectival inflection
[82%] Dutch > Morphology > Inflection
- Cardinal numerals
[80%] Dutch > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation > Numerals
- -heid, -ens and -ichheid
[88%] Frisian > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation > Suffixation > Nominal suffixes > Adjective as base
- -DIM (diminutive)
[87%] Frisian > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation > Suffixation > Nominal suffixes > Noun as base
- Ellipsis
[86%] Frisian > Morphology > Inflection > Adjectives
- Derivation
[85%] Frisian > Morphology > Word formation
- Personal pronouns
[85%] Frisian > Morphology > Inflection > Pronouns
- Non-native affixes
[77%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation > Affixation
- Inputs and input restrictions
[77%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation > Affixation
- Affixation
[77%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation
- Cohering and non-cohering affixes
[75%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation > Affixation
- Meaning of affixes
[74%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation > Affixation
- Dutch
- Frisian
- Afrikaans
- 1.3.2. Deadjectival nouns
[85%] Dutch > Syntax > Nouns and Noun Phrases > 1 Characterization and classification > 1.3. Derivation of nouns
- 2.2.1. Tests for distinguishing PP-complements from PP-adjuncts
[85%] Dutch > Syntax > Nouns and Noun Phrases > 2 Projection of noun phrases I: complementation > 2.2. Prepositional and nominal complements
- 1.3. Inflection
[85%] Dutch > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases > 1 Characterization and classification
- 1.3.2.1. The set-denoting property
[84%] Dutch > Syntax > Adjectives and Adjective Phrases > 1 Characteristics and classification > 1.3. A semantic classification > 1.3.2. Set-denoting adjectives
- 5.2.3.1. Classification
[84%] Dutch > Syntax > Nouns and Noun Phrases > 5 Determiners: articles and pronouns > 5.2. Pronouns > 5.2.3. Demonstrative pronouns
- The adverb of manner & degree sa 'so' and negation
[82%] Frisian > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases > Negation
- The adverb of degree followed by an adjective and negation
[80%] Frisian > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases > Negation
- As prepositional complement
[80%] Frisian > Syntax > Nouns & Noun Phrases > Modification > Relative clauses > Syntactic function
- The intransitive postposition om 'around' as a verbal diminutive
[80%] Frisian > Syntax > Adposition Phrases > Intransitive adpositions
- Syntactic positions of the argument IPI
[79%] Frisian > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases > Imperativus-pro-Infinitivo > Argument IPI-constructions
- Mood
[83%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Verb Phrases > Characterization and classification
- 3.3.1 Dative and PP alternations
[80%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Verb Phrases > Alternations > Alternations of Noun Phrases and Prepositional Phrases
- Modification of the superlative
[80%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Adjective Phrases > Comparison by comparative, superlative and equative degree > Superlative
- Attribution
[80%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Adjective Phrases
- Middle formation
[79%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Verb Phrases > Alternations > Alternations involving the external argument
