- Dutch
- Frisian
- Afrikaans
- Dutch
- Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Phonotactics
- Phonological processes
- Phonology-morphology interface
- Word stress
- Primary stress in simplex words
- Monomorphemic words
- Diachronic aspects
- Generalizations on stress placement
- Default penultimate stress
- Lexical stress
- The closed penult restriction
- Final closed syllables
- The diphthong restriction
- Superheavy syllables (SHS)
- The three-syllable window
- Segmental restrictions
- Phonetic correlates
- Stress shifts in loanwords
- Quantity-sensitivity
- Secondary stress
- Vowel reduction in unstressed syllables
- Stress in complex words
- Primary stress in simplex words
- Accent & intonation
- Clitics
- Spelling
- Morphology
- Word formation
- Compounding
- Nominal compounds
- Verbal compounds
- Adjectival compounds
- Affixoids
- Coordinative compounds
- Synthetic compounds
- Reduplicative compounds
- Phrase-based compounds
- Elative compounds
- Exocentric compounds
- Linking elements
- Separable complex verbs (SCVs)
- Gapping of complex words
- Particle verbs
- Copulative compounds
- Derivation
- Numerals
- Derivation: inputs and input restrictions
- The meaning of affixes
- Non-native morphology
- Cohering and non-cohering affixes
- Prefixation
- Suffixation
- Nominal suffixation: person nouns
- Conversion
- Pseudo-participles
- Bound forms
- Nouns
- Nominal prefixes
- Nominal suffixes
- -aal and -eel
- -aar
- -aard
- -aat
- -air
- -aris
- -ast
- Diminutives
- -dom
- -een
- -ees
- -el (nominal)
- -elaar
- -enis
- -er (nominal)
- -erd
- -erik
- -es
- -eur
- -euse
- ge...te
- -heid
- -iaan, -aan
- -ief
- -iek
- -ier
- -ier (French)
- -ière
- -iet
- -igheid
- -ij and allomorphs
- -ijn
- -in
- -ing
- -isme
- -ist
- -iteit
- -ling
- -oir
- -oot
- -rice
- -schap
- -schap (de)
- -schap (het)
- -sel
- -st
- -ster
- -t
- -tal
- -te
- -voud
- Verbs
- Adjectives
- Adverbs
- Univerbation
- Neo-classical word formation
- Construction-dependent morphology
- Morphological productivity
- Compounding
- Inflection
- Inflection and derivation
- Allomorphy
- The interface between phonology and morphology
- Word formation
- Syntax
- Preface and acknowledgements
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- 1 Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of verb phrases I:Argument structure
- 3 Projection of verb phrases II:Verb frame alternations
- Introduction
- 3.1. Main types
- 3.2. Alternations involving the external argument
- 3.3. Alternations of noun phrases and PPs
- 3.3.1. Dative/PP alternations (dative shift)
- 3.3.1.1. Dative alternation with aan-phrases (recipients)
- 3.3.1.2. Dative alternation with naar-phrases (goals)
- 3.3.1.3. Dative alternation with van-phrases (sources)
- 3.3.1.4. Dative alternation with bij-phrases (possessors)
- 3.3.1.5. Dative alternation with voor-phrases (benefactives)
- 3.3.1.6. Conclusion
- 3.3.1.7. Bibliographical notes
- 3.3.2. Accusative/PP alternations
- 3.3.3. Nominative/PP alternations
- 3.3.1. Dative/PP alternations (dative shift)
- 3.4. Some apparent cases of verb frame alternation
- 3.5. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of verb phrases IIIa:Selection of clauses/verb phrases
- 5 Projection of verb phrases IIIb:Argument and complementive clauses
- Introduction
- 5.1. Finite argument clauses
- 5.2. Infinitival argument clauses
- 5.3. Complementive clauses
- 6 Projection of verb phrases IIIc:Complements of non-main verbs
- 7 Projection of verb phrases IIId:Verb clusters
- 8 Projection of verb phrases IV: Adverbial modification
- 9 Word order in the clause I:General introduction
- 10 Word order in the clause II:Position of the finite verb (verb-first/second)
- 11 Word order in the clause III:Clause-initial position (wh-movement)
- Introduction
- 11.1. The formation of V1- and V2-clauses
- 11.2. Clause-initial position remains (phonetically) empty
- 11.3. Clause-initial position is filled
- 12 Word order in the clause IV:Postverbal field (extraposition)
- 13 Word order in the clause V: Middle field (scrambling)
- 14 Main-clause external elements
- Nouns and Noun Phrases
- 1 Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of noun phrases I: complementation
- Introduction
- 2.1. General observations
- 2.2. Prepositional and nominal complements
- 2.3. Clausal complements
- 2.4. Bibliographical notes
- 3 Projection of noun phrases II: modification
- Introduction
- 3.1. Restrictive and non-restrictive modifiers
- 3.2. Premodification
- 3.3. Postmodification
- 3.3.1. Adpositional phrases
- 3.3.2. Relative clauses
- 3.3.3. Infinitival clauses
- 3.3.4. A special case: clauses referring to a proposition
- 3.3.5. Adjectival phrases
- 3.3.6. Adverbial postmodification
- 3.4. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of noun phrases III: binominal constructions
- Introduction
- 4.1. Binominal constructions without a preposition
- 4.2. Binominal constructions with a preposition
- 4.3. Bibliographical notes
- 5 Determiners: articles and pronouns
- Introduction
- 5.1. Articles
- 5.2. Pronouns
- 5.3. Bibliographical notes
- 6 Numerals and quantifiers
- 7 Pre-determiners
- Introduction
- 7.1. The universal quantifier al 'all' and its alternants
- 7.2. The pre-determiner heel 'all/whole'
- 7.3. A note on focus particles
- 7.4. Bibliographical notes
- 8 Syntactic uses of noun phrases
- Adjectives and Adjective Phrases
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- 2 Projection of adjective phrases I: Complementation
- 3 Projection of adjective phrases II: Modification
- 4 Projection of adjective phrases III: Comparison
- 5 Attributive use of the adjective phrase
- 6 Predicative use of the adjective phrase
- 7 The partitive genitive construction
- 8 Adverbial use of the adjective phrase
- 9 Participles and infinitives: their adjectival use
- 10 Special constructions
- Adpositions and adpositional phrases
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- Introduction
- 1.1. Characterization of the category adposition
- 1.2. A formal classification of adpositional phrases
- 1.3. A semantic classification of adpositional phrases
- 1.3.1. Spatial adpositions
- 1.3.2. Temporal adpositions
- 1.3.3. Non-spatial/temporal prepositions
- 1.4. Borderline cases
- 1.5. Bibliographical notes
- 2 Projection of adpositional phrases: Complementation
- 3 Projection of adpositional phrases: Modification
- 4 Syntactic uses of the adpositional phrase
- 5 R-pronominalization and R-words
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- Phonology
- Frisian
- Introduction to Frisian
- Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Phonotactics
- Phonological Processes
- Assimilation
- Vowel nasalization
- Syllabic sonorants
- Final devoicing
- Fake geminates
- Vowel hiatus resolution
- Vowel reduction introduction
- Schwa deletion
- Schwa insertion
- /r/-deletion
- d-insertion
- {s/z}-insertion
- t-deletion
- Intrusive stop formation
- Breaking
- Vowel shortening
- h-deletion
- Replacement of the glide w
- Word stress
- Clitics
- Allomorphy
- Orthography of Frisian
- Morphology
- Inflection
- Word formation
- Derivation
- Prefixation
- Infixation
- Suffixation
- Nominal suffixes
- Verbal suffixes
- Adjectival suffixes
- Adverbial suffixes
- Numeral suffixes
- Interjectional suffixes
- Onomastic suffixes
- Conversion
- Derivation
- Syntax
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Unergative and unaccusative subjects
- Evidentiality
- To-infinitival clauses
- Predication and noun incorporation
- Ellipsis
- Imperativus-pro-Infinitivo
- Expression of irrealis
- Embedded Verb Second
- Agreement
- Negation
- Nouns & Noun Phrases
- Classification
- Complementation
- Modification
- Partitive noun constructions
- Referential partitive constructions
- Partitive measure nouns
- Numeral partitive constructions
- Partitive question constructions
- Nominalised quantifiers
- Kind partitives
- Partitive predication with prepositions
- Bare nominal attributions
- Articles and names
- Pronouns
- Quantifiers and (pre)determiners
- Interrogative pronouns
- R-pronouns
- Syntactic uses
- Adjective Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification and degree quantification
- Comparison by degree
- Comparative
- Superlative
- Equative
- Attribution
- Agreement
- Attributive adjectives vs. prenominal elements
- Complex adjectives
- Noun ellipsis
- Co-occurring adjectives
- Predication
- Partitive adjective constructions
- Adverbial use
- Participles and infinitives
- Adposition Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification
- Intransitive adpositions
- Predication
- Preposition stranding
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- Afrikaans
- Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Overview of Afrikaans vowels
- The rounded and unrounded high front vowels /i/ and /y/
- The diphthongised long vowels /e/, /ø/ and /o/
- The unrounded mid-front vowel /ɛ/
- The unrounded low-central vowel /ɑ/
- The unrounded low-central vowel /a/
- The rounded mid-high back vowel /ɔ/
- The rounded high back vowel /u/
- The unrounded and rounded central vowels /ə/ and /œ/
- The diphthongs /əi/, /œy/ and /œu/
- Overview of Afrikaans Consonants
- The bilabial plosives /p/ and /b/
- The alveolar plosives /t/ and /d/
- The velar plosives /k/ and /g/
- The bilabial nasal /m/
- The alveolar nasal /n/
- The velar nasal /ŋ/
- The trill /r/
- The lateral liquid /l/
- The labiodental fricatives /f/ and /v/
- The alveolar fricatives /s/ and /z/
- The velar fricative /x/
- The approximants /ɦ/, /j/ and /ʋ/
- Overview of Afrikaans vowels
- Word stress
- The phonetic properties of stress
- Primary stress on monomorphemic words in Afrikaans
- Background to primary stress in monomorphemes in Afrikaans
- Overview of the Main Stress Rule of Afrikaans
- The short vowels of Afrikaans
- Long vowels in monomorphemes
- Primary stress on diphthongs in monomorphemes
- Exceptions
- Stress shifts in place names
- Stress shift towards word-final position
- Stress pattern of reduplications
- Phonological Processes
- Phonotactics
- Segment inventory
- Morphology
- Syntax
- Introduction to Noun Phrases
- Introduction to Adjective Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification and degree quantification
- Comparison by comparative, superlative and equative degree
- Attribution
- Predication
- The partitive adjective construction
- Adverbial use
- Participles and infinitives as adjectives
- Introduction to Verb Phrases
- Phonology
The occurrence of secondary stresses in simplex words varies according to word length and the position of primary stress. First of all, the number of syllables is relevant: a monomorphemic word needs to be at least trisyllabic to potentially have a secondary stress. Words of at least four syllables always have a secondary stress, words of five or more syllables can potentially have two secondary stresses, whereas words of six or more syllables have at least two secondary stresses. In general, every other syllable in a word is stressed (according to the Alternating Stress Principle).
An overview of the possibilities of the placement of secondary stress in words with a length from three to six syllables is provided below. Additional discussion of these patterns can be found in the following topics: Secondary stress in trisyllabic words, Secondary stress in quadrisyllabic words, Secondary stress in pentasyllabic words, and Secondary stress in words with six syllables). In general, the patterns are highly predictable – only words of six syllables with final primary stress show variation in that secondary stress is sometimes on the third and sometimes on the fourth syllable.
Number of syllables from the right | PPPAPU | PPAPU | PAPU | APU | PU | U | Examples |
3 | ˈσ | σ | ˌσ | Kanada[ˈkan.nad.ˌda]Canadakolibry[ˈko:.li.ˌbri]hummingbird | |||
3 | σ | ˈσ | σ | aroma[ar.ˈro:.ma]aromapyama[pi.'ja:.ma]pyjamas | |||
3 | ˌσ | σ | ˈσ | kalory[ˌkal.lo:.ˈri]caloryteory[ˌte:.jo:.'ri]theory | |||
4 | σ | ˈσ | σ | ˌσ | Metusalim[me:.'ty.za.ˌlɪm]Methuselahtarantula[tar.ˈran.ty.ˌla]tarantula | ||
4 | ˌσ | σ | ˈσ | σ | eldorado[ˌɛl.do:.'ra:.do:]eldoradoavokado[ˌav.vo:.ˈka:.do:]avocado | ||
4 | ˌσ | σ | σ | ˈσ | ekonomy[ˌe:.ko:.no:.ˈmi]economyfonology[ˌfo:.no:.lo:.ˈɡi]phonology | ||
5 | ˌσ | σ | ˈσ | σ | ˌσ | kafetaria[ˌkaf.fe:.ˈta:.ri.ˌja]cafeteria | |
5 | ˌσ | σ | σ | ˈσ | σ | abrakadabra[ˌa:.brak.kad.ˈda:.bra]abracadabraaristokratysk[ˌar.rɪs.to:.'kra:.tisk]aristocratic | |
5 | ˌσ | σ | ˌσ | σ | ˈσ | parallellogram[ˌpar.ral.ˌlɛl.lo:.ˈɡram]parallelogram | |
6 | ˌσ | σ | ˌσ | σ | ˈσ | σ | parasitologysk[ˌpa:.ra:.ˌsi.to:.ˈlo:.ɣisk]parasitologicalautobiografysk[ˌɔw.to:.ˌbi.jo:.'ɡra:.fisk]autobiographical |
6 | ˌσ | σ | σ | ˌσ | σ | ˈσ | kompatibiliteit[ˌkom.pat.ti.ˌbi.li.ˈtɛit]compatibility |
6 | ˌσ | σ | ˌσ | σ | σ | ˈσ | dialektology[ˌdi.ja:.ˌlɛk.to:.lo:.ˈɡi]dialectologyyndividualist[ˌin.di.ˌfi.dy.ɥal.ˈlɪst]individualist |
While the location of secondary stress is predictable in most cases, there is variation in words of six syllables: secondary stress is on the third syllable in some cases, and on the fourth in others. As to Dutch, this was observed in Hoeksema and Van Zonneveld (1984); it also holds for Frisian.
- Hoeksema, J. & Zonneveld, R.M. van1984Een autosegmentele theorie van het Nederlandse woordaccentSpektator13450-472
- Dutch
- Frisian
- Afrikaans
- Patterns of secondary stress in words with full vowels only
[93%] Dutch > Phonology > Word stress > Secondary stress
- Secondary stress in quadrisyllabic words
[79%] Dutch > Phonology > Word stress > Secondary stress
- Secondary stress in words of six syllables
[77%] Dutch > Phonology > Word stress > Secondary stress
- Secondary stress in trisyllabic words
[76%] Dutch > Phonology > Word stress > Secondary stress
- Primary stress in simplex words
[75%] Dutch > Phonology > Word stress
- Alternating stress principle
[83%] Frisian > Phonology > Word stress > Secondary stress
- Secondary stress in words with six syllables
[77%] Frisian > Phonology > Word stress > Secondary stress
- Stress in complex words
[76%] Frisian > Phonology > Word stress
- Secondary stress
[76%] Frisian > Phonology > Word stress
- Secondary stress in pentasyllabic words
[74%] Frisian > Phonology > Word stress > Secondary stress
- Stress in monomorphemes with final <a>
[74%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Word stress > The short vowels of Afrikaans
- Short /i/ in monomorphemes
[71%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Word stress > The short vowels of Afrikaans
- Overview of the Main Stress Rule of Afrikaans
[71%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Word stress
- Background to primary stress in monomorphemes in Afrikaans
[69%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Word stress
- Primary stress on diphthongs in monomorphemes
[69%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Word stress
- Dutch
- Frisian
- Afrikaans
- -matig
[68%] Dutch > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation > Adjectives > Adjectival suffixes
- Nominal suffixation: diminutives
[65%] Dutch > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation > Nouns > Nominal suffixes
- -achtig
[65%] Dutch > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation > Adjectives > Adjectival suffixes
- Morphological productivity
[64%] Dutch > Morphology > Word formation
- Word formation
[64%] Dutch > Morphology > Word formation
- Interrogative pronouns
[65%] Frisian > Morphology > Inflection > Pronouns
- -mannich
[65%] Frisian > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation > Suffixation > Nominal suffixes > Noun as base
- Cardinal numbers
[64%] Frisian > Morphology > Inflection > Numerals
- In prenominal position
[64%] Frisian > Morphology > Inflection > Adjectives
- Quantifiers
[63%] Frisian > Morphology > Inflection > Numerals
- Non-native affixes
[62%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation > Affixation
- Conversion
[59%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation
- Nominalisation – Person names
[59%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation > Affixation
- Bound forms
[58%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation > Affixation
- Prefixation
[58%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation > Affixation
- Dutch
- Frisian
- Afrikaans
- Preface and acknowledgments
[64%] Dutch > Syntax > Preface and acknowledgements
- 1.1.1. Properties of adpositions
[63%] Dutch > Syntax > Adpositions and adpositional phrases > 1 Characteristics and classification > 1.1. Characterization of the category adposition
- Introduction
[63%] Dutch > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases
- 6.1.1.1. Simple and compound forms
[62%] Dutch > Syntax > Nouns and Noun Phrases > 6 Numerals and quantifiers > 6.1. Numerals > 6.1.1. Cardinal numerals
- 1.3.1.6. Appendix: alternative means of expressing spatial relations
[62%] Dutch > Syntax > Adpositions and adpositional phrases > 1 Characteristics and classification > 1.3. A semantic classification of adpositional phrases > 1.3.1. Spatial adpositions
- Absence of agreement
[60%] Frisian > Syntax > Adjective Phrases > Attribution > Agreement
- The adverb of manner & degree sa 'so' and negation
[59%] Frisian > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases > Negation
- The dialect of the isle of Skiermûntseach
[59%] Frisian > Syntax > Adjective Phrases > Attribution > Agreement > Dialectical
- The third construction
[59%] Frisian > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases > To-infinitival clauses > Verbal to-infinitives
- Constructions with verbs and verb clusters
[59%] Frisian > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases > Characteristics and classification
- Finite declarative complement clauses: construction forms
[64%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Verb Phrases > Complement clauses > Finite declarative complement clauses
- Root modality
[63%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Verb Phrases > Characterization and classification > Modality
- Attribution
[63%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Adjective Phrases
- Inflection and derivation
[63%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Verb Phrases > Characterization and classification
- Mood
[63%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Verb Phrases > Characterization and classification
