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    Referentiality versus quantification
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    UCV2s were seen to be sensitive to the distinction between referentiality and quantification. No such restriction holds for NCV2s.

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    Question formation is a specific instance of quantification. Question formation is excluded in the presence of a UCV2, but no such restriction holds for the NCV2. Correspondingly, the following sentences are grammatical:

    1
    a. Troch wa waard der ferteld, it skip wie juster fergien?
    by whom was there told the ship was yesterday perished
    By whom was it told the ship had sunk yesterday?
    b. Wa hie Jouke in boadskip stjoerd, hy koe moarn net komme?
    who had Jouke a message sent he could tomorrow not come
    Who had Jouke sent a message to that he could not come tomorrow?

    Equivalent sentences without question formation are (of course) grammatical as well:

    2
    a. Der waard ferteld, it skip wie juster fergien
    there was told the ship was yesterday perished
    It was told the ship had sunk yesterday
    b. Jouke hie my in boadskip stjoerd, hy koe moarn net komme
    Jouke had me a message sent he could tomorrow not come
    Jouke had sent me a message, he could not come tomorrow

    Similarly, UCV2s do not allow modality or negation in the superordinate clause in which they are contained. In contrast, NCV2s do not exhibit such a restriction. The matrix construction can be negative and it can contain modals:

    3
    a. Der waard net ferteld, it skip wie juster fergien
    there was not told the ship was yesterday perished
    It was not told the ship had sunk yesterday
    b. Jouke soe my in boadskip stjoere, hy koe moarn net komme
    Jouke would me a message send he could tomorrow not come
    Jouke was going to send me a message, he could not come tomorrow

    So NCV2s are main clauses as far as syntax is concerned, but they are to some extent integrated into the superordinate structure in which they are found. Because of their syntactic integration, they allow a quantificational relation to be established between an element inside the NCV2 and an element in the matrix clause. An example is given below:

    4
    Elkenien sei, hy soe op 'e tiid wêze
    everybody said he should on the time be
    Everybody said he would be on time

    Note that bound variable binding is also possible in direct speech, if the pronoun is changed to first person and the tense of the verb is turned into the present tense:

    5
    Elkenien sei, ik sil op 'e tiid wêze
    everybody said I shall on the time be
    Everybody said, I will be on time
    References
      About this article
      Author(s): Eric Hoekstra
      Category: Frisian Syntax
      Keywords: referentialityquantification
      Version: 1.0, December 2015
      Version history:
      version editor(s) date remarks
      1.0 Eric Hoekstra December 2015
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