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8.1.The categorial status of adverbs

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The core property of adjectives is that they can be used attributively and/or predicatively. However, many adjectives can also be used adverbially, that is, as modifiers of verbal, adjectival or prepositional projections. An attributively used adjective can be easily distinguished from an adverbially used adjective because only the former has the attributive -e ending. There is, however, no morphological distinction in Dutch between predicatively and adverbially used adjectives. Therefore, it is only on the basis of the meaning contribution of the adjective (that is, by determining whether it modifies a noun phrase or some other category) that we can distinguish the adverbial use of the adjective. For example, the attributively used adjectives geweldig'great', snel'quick' and diep'deep' from the primeless examples in (2) are used adverbially in the primed examples: the modification involves a VP in (2a'), an AP in (2b') and a PP in (2c'). This section discusses cases like these in more detail.

a.		een	snel	begin
		a	quick	start

a'.		Hij	rende	snel	naar huis.
		he	ran	quickly	to home

b.		een	geweldig	boek
		a	great	book

b'.		Zijn huis	is geweldig	groot.
		his house	is extremely	large

c.		een	diepe	sloot
		a	deep	ditch

c'.	Hij	ging	diep	het bos	in.
	he	went	deeply	the wood	into
	'He went deeply into the wood.'

Although Dutch does not have a formal marker of adverbially used adjectives like the English adverbial -ly suffix, adverbially used adjectives can sometimes be recognized on the basis of their morphological makeup: adjectives that end in the affixes in (3) are only used in adverbial function with the exception of some incidental formations of type in (3a), which can also be used predicatively: Hij is wat gewoontjes'He is a bit common'. We refer the reader to De Haas and Trommelen (1993:352ff.) for a more extensive discussion of the forms in (3).

A + -tjes (and its allomorphs -jes, -pjes and -etjes): zachtjes

'silently'

A + -(e)lijk: hogelijk

'very'

A + -iter: normaliter

'normally'

A + -erwijs: redelijkerwijs

'in fairness'

A + -weg: simpelweg

'simply'

N + -gewijs: steekproefsgewijs

'randomly'

N + -halve: beroepshalve

'in oneʼs professional capacity'

The examples in (4) provide some, more or less fixed, phrasal expressions that are mainly used adverbially; see also the discussion of (25) and (26) in Section 8.2.1, sub II below.

a.	Normaal	gesproken	zou	dit	voldoende	moeten	zijn.
	normally	speaking	would	this	sufficient	must	be
	'Normally speaking, this should be sufficiently.'

b.	Vreemd genoeg	is hij	niet	aanwezig.
	strange enough	is he	not	present
	'Strangely enough, he isnʼt present.'

Before we start the more detailed discussion of the adverbial use of the adjective, a warning flag must be raised. In this chapter, many adverbs are discussed for which there is no conclusive or direct evidence that they are actually adjectives. Take as an example the adverbs of time/frequency in (5).

altijd

'always'

vaak

'often'

soms

'sometimes'

nooit

'never'

The syntactic distribution of these adverbs does not provide any clue about their categorial status: they can only be used adverbially, but as is shown in (6a), this function can also be performed by a noun phrase.

a.		Jan is altijd/vaak/soms/nooit	te laat.
		Jan is always/often/sometimes/never	too late

b.		Jan is elke ochtend	te laat.
		Jan is every morning	too late

Therefore, we have to appeal to other means in order to determine the category of these adverbs, for instance, by investigating whether modification by an intensifier like zeer'very' or comparative/superlative formation is possible. Only for the adverb vaak does this provides conclusive evidence that it is an adjective: as is shown in (7), it can be preceded by an intensifier like zeer'very' or heel'very', and it can undergo comparative/superlative formation.

zeer/heel vaak

'very often'

vaker

'more often'

het vaakst

'most often'

For the adverb soms'sometimes', there is only weak evidence that it is an adjective: it can be intensified by heel, but intensification by zeer and comparative/superlative formation are excluded.

heel/*zeer soms

'occasionally'

somser/meer soms

somst/het meest soms

For altijd'always' and nooit'never', evidence of this sort is completely lacking: the examples in (9) show that intensification and superlative/comparative formation are both excluded.

heel/zeer altijd

a'.

heel/zeer nooit

meer altijd

b'.

meer nooit

het meest altijd

c'.

het meest nooit

Despite the fact that conclusive evidence for assuming adjectival status for soms, altijd and nooit is missing, it seems reasonable to assume that they have the same categorial status as vaak. There are two reasons for this. First, evidence that these adverbs have another categorial status is missing as well. Second, one could assume that intensification and comparative/superlative formation of altijd'always' and nooit'never' are blocked due to the fact that they are quantificational in nature. Altijd functions as a universal quantifier over time (∀t) and nooit functions as a negative existential quantifier over time (¬∃t), and the absolute nature of the quantificational force of these adverbs may be responsible for blocking intensification and comparative/superlative formation. Evidence of this sort is only circumstantial, however, and should therefore be handled with care.
Although we will categorically treat adverbs as adjectives, it should be noted that there is a conspicuous difference between adverbially used adjectives and adjectives in other functions. The former never take complements. This is illustrated in (10); the predicatively used adjective nieuwsgierig'curious' in (10a) can take a prepositional complement like naar de uitslag'about the results', but this is not possible in (10a') where it is used as a manner adverb. A similar contrast can be found in the (b)-examples.

a.		Jan is nieuwsgierig	naar de uitslag.
		Jan is curious	about the results

a'.		Jan snuffelde	nieuwsgierig	(#naar de uitslag)	door mijn papieren.
		Jan browsed	inquisitively	about the result	through my papers

b.	Jan is gehoorzaam	aan de wet.
	Jan is obedient	to the law
	'Jan is law-abiding.'

b'.	Jan ging gehoorzaam	(*aan de wet)	naar huis.
	Jan went obediently	to the law	to home
	'Jan went home obediently.'

References:

Haas, Wim de & Trommelen, Mieke1993Morfologisch handboek van het Nederlands. Een overzicht van de woordvormingSDU Uitgeverij

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About this article

Author(s): Hans Broekhuis

Category: Dutch Syntax

Keywords: Adjectivizing AffixAffix

Version: 1.0, December 2015

Version history:

version	editor(s)	date	remarks
1.0	Hans Broekhuis	December 2015

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