- Dutch
- Frisian
- Afrikaans
- Dutch
- Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Phonotactics
- Phonological processes
- Phonology-morphology interface
- Word stress
- Primary stress in simplex words
- Monomorphemic words
- Diachronic aspects
- Generalizations on stress placement
- Default penultimate stress
- Lexical stress
- The closed penult restriction
- Final closed syllables
- The diphthong restriction
- Superheavy syllables (SHS)
- The three-syllable window
- Segmental restrictions
- Phonetic correlates
- Stress shifts in loanwords
- Quantity-sensitivity
- Secondary stress
- Vowel reduction in unstressed syllables
- Stress in complex words
- Primary stress in simplex words
- Accent & intonation
- Clitics
- Spelling
- Morphology
- Word formation
- Compounding
- Nominal compounds
- Verbal compounds
- Adjectival compounds
- Affixoids
- Coordinative compounds
- Synthetic compounds
- Reduplicative compounds
- Phrase-based compounds
- Elative compounds
- Exocentric compounds
- Linking elements
- Separable complex verbs (SCVs)
- Gapping of complex words
- Particle verbs
- Copulative compounds
- Derivation
- Numerals
- Derivation: inputs and input restrictions
- The meaning of affixes
- Non-native morphology
- Cohering and non-cohering affixes
- Prefixation
- Suffixation
- Nominal suffixation: person nouns
- Conversion
- Pseudo-participles
- Bound forms
- Nouns
- Nominal prefixes
- Nominal suffixes
- -aal and -eel
- -aar
- -aard
- -aat
- -air
- -aris
- -ast
- Diminutives
- -dom
- -een
- -ees
- -el (nominal)
- -elaar
- -enis
- -er (nominal)
- -erd
- -erik
- -es
- -eur
- -euse
- ge...te
- -heid
- -iaan, -aan
- -ief
- -iek
- -ier
- -ier (French)
- -ière
- -iet
- -igheid
- -ij and allomorphs
- -ijn
- -in
- -ing
- -isme
- -ist
- -iteit
- -ling
- -oir
- -oot
- -rice
- -schap
- -schap (de)
- -schap (het)
- -sel
- -st
- -ster
- -t
- -tal
- -te
- -voud
- Verbs
- Adjectives
- Adverbs
- Univerbation
- Neo-classical word formation
- Construction-dependent morphology
- Morphological productivity
- Compounding
- Inflection
- Inflection and derivation
- Allomorphy
- The interface between phonology and morphology
- Word formation
- Syntax
- Preface and acknowledgements
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- 1 Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of verb phrases I:Argument structure
- 3 Projection of verb phrases II:Verb frame alternations
- Introduction
- 3.1. Main types
- 3.2. Alternations involving the external argument
- 3.3. Alternations of noun phrases and PPs
- 3.3.1. Dative/PP alternations (dative shift)
- 3.3.1.1. Dative alternation with aan-phrases (recipients)
- 3.3.1.2. Dative alternation with naar-phrases (goals)
- 3.3.1.3. Dative alternation with van-phrases (sources)
- 3.3.1.4. Dative alternation with bij-phrases (possessors)
- 3.3.1.5. Dative alternation with voor-phrases (benefactives)
- 3.3.1.6. Conclusion
- 3.3.1.7. Bibliographical notes
- 3.3.2. Accusative/PP alternations
- 3.3.3. Nominative/PP alternations
- 3.3.1. Dative/PP alternations (dative shift)
- 3.4. Some apparent cases of verb frame alternation
- 3.5. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of verb phrases IIIa:Selection of clauses/verb phrases
- 5 Projection of verb phrases IIIb:Argument and complementive clauses
- Introduction
- 5.1. Finite argument clauses
- 5.2. Infinitival argument clauses
- 5.3. Complementive clauses
- 6 Projection of verb phrases IIIc:Complements of non-main verbs
- 7 Projection of verb phrases IIId:Verb clusters
- 8 Projection of verb phrases IV: Adverbial modification
- 9 Word order in the clause I:General introduction
- 10 Word order in the clause II:Position of the finite verb (verb-first/second)
- 11 Word order in the clause III:Clause-initial position (wh-movement)
- Introduction
- 11.1. The formation of V1- and V2-clauses
- 11.2. Clause-initial position remains (phonetically) empty
- 11.3. Clause-initial position is filled
- 12 Word order in the clause IV:Postverbal field (extraposition)
- 13 Word order in the clause V: Middle field (scrambling)
- 14 Main-clause external elements
- Nouns and Noun Phrases
- 1 Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of noun phrases I: complementation
- Introduction
- 2.1. General observations
- 2.2. Prepositional and nominal complements
- 2.3. Clausal complements
- 2.4. Bibliographical notes
- 3 Projection of noun phrases II: modification
- Introduction
- 3.1. Restrictive and non-restrictive modifiers
- 3.2. Premodification
- 3.3. Postmodification
- 3.3.1. Adpositional phrases
- 3.3.2. Relative clauses
- 3.3.3. Infinitival clauses
- 3.3.4. A special case: clauses referring to a proposition
- 3.3.5. Adjectival phrases
- 3.3.6. Adverbial postmodification
- 3.4. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of noun phrases III: binominal constructions
- Introduction
- 4.1. Binominal constructions without a preposition
- 4.2. Binominal constructions with a preposition
- 4.3. Bibliographical notes
- 5 Determiners: articles and pronouns
- Introduction
- 5.1. Articles
- 5.2. Pronouns
- 5.3. Bibliographical notes
- 6 Numerals and quantifiers
- 7 Pre-determiners
- Introduction
- 7.1. The universal quantifier al 'all' and its alternants
- 7.2. The pre-determiner heel 'all/whole'
- 7.3. A note on focus particles
- 7.4. Bibliographical notes
- 8 Syntactic uses of noun phrases
- Adjectives and Adjective Phrases
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- 2 Projection of adjective phrases I: Complementation
- 3 Projection of adjective phrases II: Modification
- 4 Projection of adjective phrases III: Comparison
- 5 Attributive use of the adjective phrase
- 6 Predicative use of the adjective phrase
- 7 The partitive genitive construction
- 8 Adverbial use of the adjective phrase
- 9 Participles and infinitives: their adjectival use
- 10 Special constructions
- Adpositions and adpositional phrases
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- Introduction
- 1.1. Characterization of the category adposition
- 1.2. A formal classification of adpositional phrases
- 1.3. A semantic classification of adpositional phrases
- 1.3.1. Spatial adpositions
- 1.3.2. Temporal adpositions
- 1.3.3. Non-spatial/temporal prepositions
- 1.4. Borderline cases
- 1.5. Bibliographical notes
- 2 Projection of adpositional phrases: Complementation
- 3 Projection of adpositional phrases: Modification
- 4 Syntactic uses of the adpositional phrase
- 5 R-pronominalization and R-words
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- Phonology
- Frisian
- Introduction to Frisian
- Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Phonotactics
- Phonological Processes
- Assimilation
- Vowel nasalization
- Syllabic sonorants
- Final devoicing
- Fake geminates
- Vowel hiatus resolution
- Vowel reduction introduction
- Schwa deletion
- Schwa insertion
- /r/-deletion
- d-insertion
- {s/z}-insertion
- t-deletion
- Intrusive stop formation
- Breaking
- Vowel shortening
- h-deletion
- Replacement of the glide w
- Word stress
- Clitics
- Allomorphy
- Orthography of Frisian
- Morphology
- Inflection
- Word formation
- Derivation
- Prefixation
- Infixation
- Suffixation
- Nominal suffixes
- Verbal suffixes
- Adjectival suffixes
- Adverbial suffixes
- Numeral suffixes
- Interjectional suffixes
- Onomastic suffixes
- Conversion
- Derivation
- Syntax
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Unergative and unaccusative subjects
- Evidentiality
- To-infinitival clauses
- Predication and noun incorporation
- Ellipsis
- Imperativus-pro-Infinitivo
- Expression of irrealis
- Embedded Verb Second
- Agreement
- Negation
- Nouns & Noun Phrases
- Classification
- Complementation
- Modification
- Partitive noun constructions
- Referential partitive constructions
- Partitive measure nouns
- Numeral partitive constructions
- Partitive question constructions
- Nominalised quantifiers
- Kind partitives
- Partitive predication with prepositions
- Bare nominal attributions
- Articles and names
- Pronouns
- Quantifiers and (pre)determiners
- Interrogative pronouns
- R-pronouns
- Syntactic uses
- Adjective Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification and degree quantification
- Comparison by degree
- Comparative
- Superlative
- Equative
- Attribution
- Agreement
- Attributive adjectives vs. prenominal elements
- Complex adjectives
- Noun ellipsis
- Co-occurring adjectives
- Predication
- Partitive adjective constructions
- Adverbial use
- Participles and infinitives
- Adposition Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification
- Intransitive adpositions
- Predication
- Preposition stranding
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- Afrikaans
- Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Overview of Afrikaans vowels
- The rounded and unrounded high front vowels /i/ and /y/
- The diphthongised long vowels /e/, /ø/ and /o/
- The unrounded mid-front vowel /ɛ/
- The unrounded low-central vowel /ɑ/
- The unrounded low-central vowel /a/
- The rounded mid-high back vowel /ɔ/
- The rounded high back vowel /u/
- The unrounded and rounded central vowels /ə/ and /œ/
- The diphthongs /əi/, /œy/ and /œu/
- Overview of Afrikaans Consonants
- The bilabial plosives /p/ and /b/
- The alveolar plosives /t/ and /d/
- The velar plosives /k/ and /g/
- The bilabial nasal /m/
- The alveolar nasal /n/
- The velar nasal /ŋ/
- The trill /r/
- The lateral liquid /l/
- The labiodental fricatives /f/ and /v/
- The alveolar fricatives /s/ and /z/
- The velar fricative /x/
- The approximants /ɦ/, /j/ and /ʋ/
- Overview of Afrikaans vowels
- Word stress
- The phonetic properties of stress
- Primary stress on monomorphemic words in Afrikaans
- Background to primary stress in monomorphemes in Afrikaans
- Overview of the Main Stress Rule of Afrikaans
- The short vowels of Afrikaans
- Long vowels in monomorphemes
- Primary stress on diphthongs in monomorphemes
- Exceptions
- Stress shifts in place names
- Stress shift towards word-final position
- Stress pattern of reduplications
- Phonological Processes
- Phonotactics
- Segment inventory
- Morphology
- Syntax
- Introduction to Noun Phrases
- Introduction to Adjective Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification and degree quantification
- Comparison by comparative, superlative and equative degree
- Attribution
- Predication
- The partitive adjective construction
- Adverbial use
- Participles and infinitives as adjectives
- Introduction to Verb Phrases
- Phonology
When an adjectival adverb modifies another adjective, the adjectival adverb is almost always used as an evaluative adjective.
When an adjectival adverb modifies another adjective, the adjectival adverb is almost always used as an evaluative adjective. Consider the following contrast:
a. | Pabe is swier | ||||||||||||||
Pabe is heavy | |||||||||||||||
Pabe is a heavy person |
b. | Pabe is swier siik | ||||||||||||||
Pabe is heavily ill | |||||||||||||||
Pabe is seriously ill |
Apparently, the adjective's meaning consists of two parts, [HIGH DEGREE] and [WEIGHT]. In its adverbial function, the adjective has lost its literal meaning involving [WEIGHT], but it has retained its high degree meaning. As an adjective, swierheavy would be non-subjective, but in its adverbial use it became into an evaluative adjective, belonging to the same class as ferdomddamned and tigevery. These all involve a high degree reading. Hence, if the idiomatic restrictions on the collocation allow it, evaluative adverbs can regularly replace one another without significant change of meaning. So, alongside swier siikseriously ill, we may also have the following:
a. | Pabe is tige siik | ||||||||||||||
Pabe is very ill | |||||||||||||||
Pabe is very ill |
b. | Pabe is ferdomd siik | ||||||||||||||
Pabe is damned ill | |||||||||||||||
Pabe is damned ill |
The evaluative adverb often forms an idiomatic collocation with the adjective which it modifies. For example, the evaluative adverb glûpendesneakingly is mainly used in combination with the adjective kâldcold. Some more idiomatic combinations are given in the table below, where the adverbs have lost their literal meaning, merely causing a high degree reading on the adjective which they modify:
stjerrende wierdyingly trueabsolutely true |
stomme graachstupidly eagervery eagerly, very much |
rare smoarchweirdly dirtyvery dirty |
glêd ferkeardslipperly wrongvery wrong |
a. | Dat is ôfgryslik | ||||||||||||||
that is terrible | |||||||||||||||
That is terrible |
b. | Dat is ôfgryslik-e stom | ||||||||||||||
that is terrible.EMPH stupid | |||||||||||||||
That is terribly stupid |
Most evaluative adverbs mark a high degree, but they can also mark a low degree. Consider the minimal pair below:
a. | Swier handikapt | ||||||||||||||
Seriously handicapped |
b. | Licht handikapt | ||||||||||||||
Lightly handicapped |
In the examples above, the adverbs have lost their literal meaning. An adjective or adverb causing a high degree reading is also referred to as an amplifier, and one causing a low degree reading is also referred to as a downtoner or a downtoning intensifier. However, loss of literal meaning is not due to the conversion to adverb in these cases, since they can also be used as high degree adjectives without being adverbial:
In lichte / swiere handikap |
a light / heavy handicap |
A light / serious handicap |
Anyway, there are also cases where the adverb marks a high degree while retaining its literal meaning. Consider the following examples:
a. | It sop is lekker sâlt | ||||||||||||||
the soup is tasty salt | |||||||||||||||
The soup is nicely salty |
b. | De blom is moai giel | ||||||||||||||
the flower is nice yellow | |||||||||||||||
The flower has a nice yellow color |
- Dutch
- Frisian
- Afrikaans
- Intonation
[63%] Dutch > Phonology > Accent & intonation
- Diminutive allomorphy
[61%] Dutch > Phonology > Phonology-morphology interface > Allomorphy
- Phonotactics at the word level
[61%] Dutch > Phonology > Phonotactics
- The spelling of vowels
[61%] Dutch > Phonology > Spelling
- The spelling of linking elements in compounds
[60%] Dutch > Phonology > Spelling
- Cliticization
[65%] Frisian > Phonology > Clitics
- Final /d/-deletion
[64%] Frisian > Phonology > Allomorphy
- /d/-insertion in the sequences /nər/, /lər/, and /rər/
[64%] Frisian > Phonology > Phonological Processes
- Phonological evidence for cliticization
[64%] Frisian > Phonology > Clitics
- The phonological domain of Final Devoicing
[64%] Frisian > Phonology > Phonological Processes > Final devoicing
- d-deletion
[59%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonological Processes > Consonant related processes > Consonant cluster simplification: Overview
- The phonotactics of Afrikaans
[59%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonotactics
- Nasalization
[58%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonological Processes > Vowel related processes
- Homorganic glide insertion
[57%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonological Processes
- Ambisyllabicity
[57%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonotactics
- Dutch
- Frisian
- Afrikaans
- Adjectival inflection
[67%] Dutch > Morphology > Inflection
- Separable complex verbs (SCVs)
[66%] Dutch > Morphology > Word formation > Compounding
- Adjectival compounds
[66%] Dutch > Morphology > Word formation > Compounding
- Case - the partitive construction
[65%] Dutch > Morphology > Inflection > Nouns > Case
- -technisch
[65%] Dutch > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation > Adverbs > Adverbial suffixes
- alder-
[69%] Frisian > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation > Prefixation > Adjectival prefixes > Adjective as base
- In prenominal position
[68%] Frisian > Morphology > Inflection > Adjectives
- -s
[68%] Frisian > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation > Suffixation > Adverbial suffixes > Adverb as base
- Emphasis
[66%] Frisian > Morphology > Inflection > Adverbs
- -en
[66%] Frisian > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation > Suffixation > Adverbial suffixes > Adverb as base
- Inputs and input restrictions
[59%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation > Affixation
- Bound forms
[58%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation > Affixation
- Meaning of affixes
[58%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation > Affixation
- Circumfixation
[58%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation > Affixation
- Affixation
[57%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation
- Dutch
- Frisian
- Afrikaans
- 8.2.1. Clausal adverbs
[68%] Dutch > Syntax > Adjectives and Adjective Phrases > 8 Adverbial use of the adjective phrase > 8.2. Modification in the clausal domain: clause and VP adverbs
- 5.2. Attributively used adjectives versus other prenominal elements
[67%] Dutch > Syntax > Adjectives and Adjective Phrases > 5 Attributive use of the adjective phrase
- 5.5. Co-occurring adjectives
[66%] Dutch > Syntax > Adjectives and Adjective Phrases > 5 Attributive use of the adjective phrase
- 3.1.2. Modification by an intensifier
[66%] Dutch > Syntax > Adjectives and Adjective Phrases > 3 Projection of adjective phrases II: Modification > 3.1. Modification of scalar adjectives
- 3.1.3. Modification by a complex intensifying phrase
[66%] Dutch > Syntax > Adjectives and Adjective Phrases > 3 Projection of adjective phrases II: Modification > 3.1. Modification of scalar adjectives
- The adverb of manner & degree sa 'so' and negation
[69%] Frisian > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases > Negation
- With finite clause
[68%] Frisian > Syntax > Adjective Phrases > Modification and degree quantification > High degree specification
- The adverb of degree followed by an adjective and negation
[68%] Frisian > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases > Negation
- Emphatic agreement
[68%] Frisian > Syntax > Adjective Phrases > Attribution > Agreement > Adjectives
- Preposition + neuter nominal adjective + two postpositions
[68%] Frisian > Syntax > Adjective Phrases > Modification and degree quantification > Others > APs as PPs
- Modification of AP
[96%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Adjective Phrases > Adverbial use
- Modification of the superlative
[70%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Adjective Phrases > Comparison by comparative, superlative and equative degree > Superlative
- Superlative
[69%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Adjective Phrases > Comparison by comparative, superlative and equative degree
- Excessive degree te 'too'
[69%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Adjective Phrases > Modification and degree quantification
- High degree specification so 'so'
[69%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Adjective Phrases > Modification and degree quantification
