- Dutch
- Frisian
- Afrikaans
- Dutch
- Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Phonotactics
- Phonological processes
- Phonology-morphology interface
- Word stress
- Primary stress in simplex words
- Monomorphemic words
- Diachronic aspects
- Generalizations on stress placement
- Default penultimate stress
- Lexical stress
- The closed penult restriction
- Final closed syllables
- The diphthong restriction
- Superheavy syllables (SHS)
- The three-syllable window
- Segmental restrictions
- Phonetic correlates
- Stress shifts in loanwords
- Quantity-sensitivity
- Secondary stress
- Vowel reduction in unstressed syllables
- Stress in complex words
- Primary stress in simplex words
- Accent & intonation
- Clitics
- Spelling
- Morphology
- Word formation
- Compounding
- Nominal compounds
- Verbal compounds
- Adjectival compounds
- Affixoids
- Coordinative compounds
- Synthetic compounds
- Reduplicative compounds
- Phrase-based compounds
- Elative compounds
- Exocentric compounds
- Linking elements
- Separable complex verbs (SCVs)
- Gapping of complex words
- Particle verbs
- Copulative compounds
- Derivation
- Numerals
- Derivation: inputs and input restrictions
- The meaning of affixes
- Non-native morphology
- Cohering and non-cohering affixes
- Prefixation
- Suffixation
- Nominal suffixation: person nouns
- Conversion
- Pseudo-participles
- Bound forms
- Nouns
- Nominal prefixes
- Nominal suffixes
- -aal and -eel
- -aar
- -aard
- -aat
- -air
- -aris
- -ast
- Diminutives
- -dom
- -een
- -ees
- -el (nominal)
- -elaar
- -enis
- -er (nominal)
- -erd
- -erik
- -es
- -eur
- -euse
- ge...te
- -heid
- -iaan, -aan
- -ief
- -iek
- -ier
- -ier (French)
- -ière
- -iet
- -igheid
- -ij and allomorphs
- -ijn
- -in
- -ing
- -isme
- -ist
- -iteit
- -ling
- -oir
- -oot
- -rice
- -schap
- -schap (de)
- -schap (het)
- -sel
- -st
- -ster
- -t
- -tal
- -te
- -voud
- Verbs
- Adjectives
- Adverbs
- Univerbation
- Neo-classical word formation
- Construction-dependent morphology
- Morphological productivity
- Compounding
- Inflection
- Inflection and derivation
- Allomorphy
- The interface between phonology and morphology
- Word formation
- Syntax
- Preface and acknowledgements
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- 1 Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of verb phrases I:Argument structure
- 3 Projection of verb phrases II:Verb frame alternations
- Introduction
- 3.1. Main types
- 3.2. Alternations involving the external argument
- 3.3. Alternations of noun phrases and PPs
- 3.3.1. Dative/PP alternations (dative shift)
- 3.3.1.1. Dative alternation with aan-phrases (recipients)
- 3.3.1.2. Dative alternation with naar-phrases (goals)
- 3.3.1.3. Dative alternation with van-phrases (sources)
- 3.3.1.4. Dative alternation with bij-phrases (possessors)
- 3.3.1.5. Dative alternation with voor-phrases (benefactives)
- 3.3.1.6. Conclusion
- 3.3.1.7. Bibliographical notes
- 3.3.2. Accusative/PP alternations
- 3.3.3. Nominative/PP alternations
- 3.3.1. Dative/PP alternations (dative shift)
- 3.4. Some apparent cases of verb frame alternation
- 3.5. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of verb phrases IIIa:Selection of clauses/verb phrases
- 5 Projection of verb phrases IIIb:Argument and complementive clauses
- Introduction
- 5.1. Finite argument clauses
- 5.2. Infinitival argument clauses
- 5.3. Complementive clauses
- 6 Projection of verb phrases IIIc:Complements of non-main verbs
- 7 Projection of verb phrases IIId:Verb clusters
- 8 Projection of verb phrases IV: Adverbial modification
- 9 Word order in the clause I:General introduction
- 10 Word order in the clause II:Position of the finite verb (verb-first/second)
- 11 Word order in the clause III:Clause-initial position (wh-movement)
- Introduction
- 11.1. The formation of V1- and V2-clauses
- 11.2. Clause-initial position remains (phonetically) empty
- 11.3. Clause-initial position is filled
- 12 Word order in the clause IV:Postverbal field (extraposition)
- 13 Word order in the clause V: Middle field (scrambling)
- 14 Main-clause external elements
- Nouns and Noun Phrases
- 1 Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of noun phrases I: complementation
- Introduction
- 2.1. General observations
- 2.2. Prepositional and nominal complements
- 2.3. Clausal complements
- 2.4. Bibliographical notes
- 3 Projection of noun phrases II: modification
- Introduction
- 3.1. Restrictive and non-restrictive modifiers
- 3.2. Premodification
- 3.3. Postmodification
- 3.3.1. Adpositional phrases
- 3.3.2. Relative clauses
- 3.3.3. Infinitival clauses
- 3.3.4. A special case: clauses referring to a proposition
- 3.3.5. Adjectival phrases
- 3.3.6. Adverbial postmodification
- 3.4. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of noun phrases III: binominal constructions
- Introduction
- 4.1. Binominal constructions without a preposition
- 4.2. Binominal constructions with a preposition
- 4.3. Bibliographical notes
- 5 Determiners: articles and pronouns
- Introduction
- 5.1. Articles
- 5.2. Pronouns
- 5.3. Bibliographical notes
- 6 Numerals and quantifiers
- 7 Pre-determiners
- Introduction
- 7.1. The universal quantifier al 'all' and its alternants
- 7.2. The pre-determiner heel 'all/whole'
- 7.3. A note on focus particles
- 7.4. Bibliographical notes
- 8 Syntactic uses of noun phrases
- Adjectives and Adjective Phrases
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- 2 Projection of adjective phrases I: Complementation
- 3 Projection of adjective phrases II: Modification
- 4 Projection of adjective phrases III: Comparison
- 5 Attributive use of the adjective phrase
- 6 Predicative use of the adjective phrase
- 7 The partitive genitive construction
- 8 Adverbial use of the adjective phrase
- 9 Participles and infinitives: their adjectival use
- 10 Special constructions
- Adpositions and adpositional phrases
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- Introduction
- 1.1. Characterization of the category adposition
- 1.2. A formal classification of adpositional phrases
- 1.3. A semantic classification of adpositional phrases
- 1.3.1. Spatial adpositions
- 1.3.2. Temporal adpositions
- 1.3.3. Non-spatial/temporal prepositions
- 1.4. Borderline cases
- 1.5. Bibliographical notes
- 2 Projection of adpositional phrases: Complementation
- 3 Projection of adpositional phrases: Modification
- 4 Syntactic uses of the adpositional phrase
- 5 R-pronominalization and R-words
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- Phonology
- Frisian
- Introduction to Frisian
- Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Phonotactics
- Phonological Processes
- Assimilation
- Vowel nasalization
- Syllabic sonorants
- Final devoicing
- Fake geminates
- Vowel hiatus resolution
- Vowel reduction introduction
- Schwa deletion
- Schwa insertion
- /r/-deletion
- d-insertion
- {s/z}-insertion
- t-deletion
- Intrusive stop formation
- Breaking
- Vowel shortening
- h-deletion
- Replacement of the glide w
- Word stress
- Clitics
- Allomorphy
- Orthography of Frisian
- Morphology
- Inflection
- Word formation
- Derivation
- Prefixation
- Infixation
- Suffixation
- Nominal suffixes
- Verbal suffixes
- Adjectival suffixes
- Adverbial suffixes
- Numeral suffixes
- Interjectional suffixes
- Onomastic suffixes
- Conversion
- Derivation
- Syntax
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Unergative and unaccusative subjects
- Evidentiality
- To-infinitival clauses
- Predication and noun incorporation
- Ellipsis
- Imperativus-pro-Infinitivo
- Expression of irrealis
- Embedded Verb Second
- Agreement
- Negation
- Nouns & Noun Phrases
- Classification
- Complementation
- Modification
- Partitive noun constructions
- Referential partitive constructions
- Partitive measure nouns
- Numeral partitive constructions
- Partitive question constructions
- Nominalised quantifiers
- Kind partitives
- Partitive predication with prepositions
- Bare nominal attributions
- Articles and names
- Pronouns
- Quantifiers and (pre)determiners
- Interrogative pronouns
- R-pronouns
- Syntactic uses
- Adjective Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification and degree quantification
- Comparison by degree
- Comparative
- Superlative
- Equative
- Attribution
- Agreement
- Attributive adjectives vs. prenominal elements
- Complex adjectives
- Noun ellipsis
- Co-occurring adjectives
- Predication
- Partitive adjective constructions
- Adverbial use
- Participles and infinitives
- Adposition Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification
- Intransitive adpositions
- Predication
- Preposition stranding
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- Afrikaans
- Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Overview of Afrikaans vowels
- The rounded and unrounded high front vowels /i/ and /y/
- The diphthongised long vowels /e/, /ø/ and /o/
- The unrounded mid-front vowel /ɛ/
- The unrounded low-central vowel /ɑ/
- The unrounded low-central vowel /a/
- The rounded mid-high back vowel /ɔ/
- The rounded high back vowel /u/
- The unrounded and rounded central vowels /ə/ and /œ/
- The diphthongs /əi/, /œy/ and /œu/
- Overview of Afrikaans Consonants
- The bilabial plosives /p/ and /b/
- The alveolar plosives /t/ and /d/
- The velar plosives /k/ and /g/
- The bilabial nasal /m/
- The alveolar nasal /n/
- The velar nasal /ŋ/
- The trill /r/
- The lateral liquid /l/
- The labiodental fricatives /f/ and /v/
- The alveolar fricatives /s/ and /z/
- The velar fricative /x/
- The approximants /ɦ/, /j/ and /ʋ/
- Overview of Afrikaans vowels
- Word stress
- The phonetic properties of stress
- Primary stress on monomorphemic words in Afrikaans
- Background to primary stress in monomorphemes in Afrikaans
- Overview of the Main Stress Rule of Afrikaans
- The short vowels of Afrikaans
- Long vowels in monomorphemes
- Primary stress on diphthongs in monomorphemes
- Exceptions
- Stress shifts in place names
- Stress shift towards word-final position
- Stress pattern of reduplications
- Phonological Processes
- Phonotactics
- Segment inventory
- Morphology
- Syntax
- Introduction to Noun Phrases
- Introduction to Adjective Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification and degree quantification
- Comparison by comparative, superlative and equative degree
- Attribution
- Predication
- The partitive adjective construction
- Adverbial use
- Participles and infinitives as adjectives
- Introduction to Verb Phrases
- Phonology
Simple Adjective Phrases (APs) are placed before the noun and must exhibit agreement. Simple APs can be placed after the noun in case the AP is quantified over all its values, as is the case in the following example:
Gjin jonkje, likefolle hoe ûndogens |
no boy no.matter how naughty |
No boy, however naughty |
The AP is normally placed before the noun which it modifies. This yields an attributive construction. In the attributive construction, the noun displays agreement with the adjective:
a. | Ien ûndogens jonkje | ||||||||||||||
one naughty.SG boy.SG | |||||||||||||||
One naughty boy |
b. | Twa ûndogense jonkjes | ||||||||||||||
two naughty.PL boy.PL | |||||||||||||||
Two naughty boys |
The AP can also be placed after the Noun Phrase (NP). This yields an appositive construction. In the appositive construction, there is no agreement between the noun and the adjective:
Twa jonkjes, tige ûndogensk |
two boys very naughty |
Two boys, very naughty |
In the attributive construction, the adjective restricts the denotation of the Noun Phrase (NP). In formal semantic terms: the denotation of the NP is not equal to the intersection of the denotation of the NP and the AP. Attributive adjectives are perfectly compatible with negative and universal quantifiers, for the adjective restricts the denotation of the NP to which the quantifier is applied:
a. | Gjin ûndogens jonkje | ||||||||||||||
no naughty boy | |||||||||||||||
No naughty boy |
b. | Elts ûndogens jonkje | ||||||||||||||
each naughty boy | |||||||||||||||
Each naughty boy |
The phrase no naughty boy refers in all possible worlds to a subset of the set of individuals to which the phrase no boy refers. The two phrases may accidentally have the same reference in a situation in which all boys are naughty, but that is a matter for pragmatics. In the appositive construction, the adjective cannot restrict the denotation of the NP. In formal semantic terms: the denotation of the NP must be equal to the intersection of the denotation of the NP and the AP. Therefore appositives are said to be non-restrictive. Bare appositive adjectives are therefore grammatical to the extent that they can corefer with NPs. Since bare adjectives are not negative (downwards entailing), they are incompatible with negated NPs:
*Gjin jonkje ûndogens |
no boy naughty |
No boy, naughty |
Appositive adjectives are grammatical in case they are accompanied by a quantifying conjunction yielding a denotation for the AP as a whole that allows of coreference with a negated NP, and coreference is by definition non-restrictive. In the examples below, the appositive phrase does not restrict the denotation of the negated NP:
a. | Gjin jonkje, likefolle hoe ûndogens | ||||||||||||||
no boy no.matter how naughty | |||||||||||||||
No boy, however naughty |
b. | Gjin jonkje, hoe ûndogens ek | ||||||||||||||
no boy how naughty also | |||||||||||||||
No boy, however naughty |
c. | Gjin jonkje, ûndogens of net | ||||||||||||||
no boy naughty or not | |||||||||||||||
No boy, naughty or not |
Such examples involve a quantification over all the values of the AP, and this apparently makes possible the type of coreference characteristic of an appositive interpretation.
- Dutch
- Frisian
- Afrikaans
- Intonation
[83%] Dutch > Phonology > Accent & intonation
- Diminutive allomorphy
[81%] Dutch > Phonology > Phonology-morphology interface > Allomorphy
- Acoustic correlates of stress
[80%] Dutch > Phonology > Accent & intonation
- Abstract phonological forms in Dutch orthography
[80%] Dutch > Phonology > Spelling
- Articulatory correlates of stress
[79%] Dutch > Phonology > Accent & intonation
- The phonological domain of Final Devoicing
[85%] Frisian > Phonology > Phonological Processes > Final devoicing
- Orthography
[84%] Frisian > Phonology > Orthography of Frisian
- Phonological evidence for cliticization
[84%] Frisian > Phonology > Clitics
- The syllabic affiliation of prevocalic glides
[83%] Frisian > Phonology > Segment inventory > Consonants > Glides
- Progressive Voice Assimilation: the past tense of the weak verbs of the first conjugation class
[81%] Frisian > Phonology > Phonological Processes > Assimilation
- The phonotactics of Afrikaans
[81%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonotactics
- Nasalization
[78%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonological Processes > Vowel related processes
- Homorganic glide insertion
[78%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonological Processes
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[77%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonotactics
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[77%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonological Processes > Phonology-morphology interface
- Dutch
- Frisian
- Afrikaans
- Separable complex verbs (SCVs)
[84%] Dutch > Morphology > Word formation > Compounding
- Case - the partitive construction
[83%] Dutch > Morphology > Inflection > Nouns > Case
- Possessive pronouns
[81%] Dutch > Morphology > Inflection > Pronouns
- -tal
[81%] Dutch > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation > Nouns > Nominal suffixes
- Phrase-based compounds
[80%] Dutch > Morphology > Word formation > Compounding
- Strong and other irregular verbs
[85%] Frisian > Morphology > Inflection > Verbs
- Weak verbs
[85%] Frisian > Morphology > Inflection > Verbs
- Degree
[85%] Frisian > Morphology > Inflection > Adjectives
- Adjectives
[84%] Frisian > Morphology > Inflection
- -DIM (diminutive)
[84%] Frisian > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation > Suffixation > Nominal suffixes > Noun as base
- Prefixation
[78%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation > Affixation
- Cohering and non-cohering affixes
[77%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation > Affixation
- Affixation
[75%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation
- Circumfixation
[74%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation > Affixation
- Meaning of affixes
[70%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation > Affixation
- Dutch
- Frisian
- Afrikaans
- 1.1.2. The internal structure of the noun phrase
[88%] Dutch > Syntax > Nouns and Noun Phrases > 1 Characterization and classification > 1.1. Characterization
- 3.1.2. Differences in function
[88%] Dutch > Syntax > Nouns and Noun Phrases > 3 Projection of noun phrases II: modification > 3.1. Restrictive and non-restrictive modifiers
- 3.3.1. Adpositional phrases
[88%] Dutch > Syntax > Nouns and Noun Phrases > 3 Projection of noun phrases II: modification > 3.3. Postmodification
- 6.4. Appositive use of the adjective
[88%] Dutch > Syntax > Adjectives and Adjective Phrases > 6 Predicative use of the adjective phrase
- 5.2.2.2. Interpretation
[87%] Dutch > Syntax > Nouns and Noun Phrases > 5 Determiners: articles and pronouns > 5.2. Pronouns > 5.2.2. Possessive pronouns
- Material part-whole predication
[86%] Frisian > Syntax > Adjective Phrases > Predication > Arguments > Part-whole predication
- The PPI-B construction
[85%] Frisian > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases > Expression of irrealis > The verb sille 'shall' > Participio-pro-Infinitivo
- Complete infinitival clause
[85%] Frisian > Syntax > Adjective Phrases > Modification and degree quantification > High degree specification > With infinitival clauses
- Complete infinitival clause
[84%] Frisian > Syntax > Adjective Phrases > Modification and degree quantification > Excessive degree > Sufficient degree > With infinitival clauses
- Correlative measure constructions
[83%] Frisian > Syntax > Nouns & Noun Phrases > Articles and names > The definite article
- Argument types
[85%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Adjective Phrases > Predication
- The comparative complement
[83%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Adjective Phrases > Comparison by comparative, superlative and equative degree > Comparative > Lower degree comparative
- Finite interrogative complement clauses: syntactic distribution
[83%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Verb Phrases > Complement clauses > Finite interrogative complement clauses
- Noun ellipsis
[82%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Adjective Phrases > Attribution
- Mood
[82%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Verb Phrases > Characterization and classification
