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- Phonology
- Segment inventory
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- Default penultimate stress
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- The closed penult restriction
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- The diphthong restriction
- Superheavy syllables (SHS)
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- Derivation: inputs and input restrictions
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- Prefixation
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- Nominal suffixation: person nouns
- Conversion
- Pseudo-participles
- Bound forms
- Nouns
- Nominal prefixes
- Nominal suffixes
- -aal and -eel
- -aar
- -aard
- -aat
- -air
- -aris
- -ast
- Diminutives
- -dom
- -een
- -ees
- -el (nominal)
- -elaar
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- -erd
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- -ier (French)
- -ière
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- -ij and allomorphs
- -ijn
- -in
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- -sel
- -st
- -ster
- -t
- -tal
- -te
- -voud
- Verbs
- Adjectives
- Adverbs
- Univerbation
- Neo-classical word formation
- Construction-dependent morphology
- Morphological productivity
- Compounding
- Inflection
- Inflection and derivation
- Allomorphy
- The interface between phonology and morphology
- Word formation
- Syntax
- Preface and acknowledgements
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- 1 Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of verb phrases I:Argument structure
- 3 Projection of verb phrases II:Verb frame alternations
- Introduction
- 3.1. Main types
- 3.2. Alternations involving the external argument
- 3.3. Alternations of noun phrases and PPs
- 3.3.1. Dative/PP alternations (dative shift)
- 3.3.1.1. Dative alternation with aan-phrases (recipients)
- 3.3.1.2. Dative alternation with naar-phrases (goals)
- 3.3.1.3. Dative alternation with van-phrases (sources)
- 3.3.1.4. Dative alternation with bij-phrases (possessors)
- 3.3.1.5. Dative alternation with voor-phrases (benefactives)
- 3.3.1.6. Conclusion
- 3.3.1.7. Bibliographical notes
- 3.3.2. Accusative/PP alternations
- 3.3.3. Nominative/PP alternations
- 3.3.1. Dative/PP alternations (dative shift)
- 3.4. Some apparent cases of verb frame alternation
- 3.5. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of verb phrases IIIa:Selection of clauses/verb phrases
- 5 Projection of verb phrases IIIb:Argument and complementive clauses
- Introduction
- 5.1. Finite argument clauses
- 5.2. Infinitival argument clauses
- 5.3. Complementive clauses
- 6 Projection of verb phrases IIIc:Complements of non-main verbs
- 7 Projection of verb phrases IIId:Verb clusters
- 8 Projection of verb phrases IV: Adverbial modification
- 9 Word order in the clause I:General introduction
- 10 Word order in the clause II:Position of the finite verb (verb-first/second)
- 11 Word order in the clause III:Clause-initial position (wh-movement)
- Introduction
- 11.1. The formation of V1- and V2-clauses
- 11.2. Clause-initial position remains (phonetically) empty
- 11.3. Clause-initial position is filled
- 12 Word order in the clause IV:Postverbal field (extraposition)
- 13 Word order in the clause V: Middle field (scrambling)
- 14 Main-clause external elements
- Nouns and Noun Phrases
- 1 Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of noun phrases I: complementation
- Introduction
- 2.1. General observations
- 2.2. Prepositional and nominal complements
- 2.3. Clausal complements
- 2.4. Bibliographical notes
- 3 Projection of noun phrases II: modification
- Introduction
- 3.1. Restrictive and non-restrictive modifiers
- 3.2. Premodification
- 3.3. Postmodification
- 3.3.1. Adpositional phrases
- 3.3.2. Relative clauses
- 3.3.3. Infinitival clauses
- 3.3.4. A special case: clauses referring to a proposition
- 3.3.5. Adjectival phrases
- 3.3.6. Adverbial postmodification
- 3.4. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of noun phrases III: binominal constructions
- Introduction
- 4.1. Binominal constructions without a preposition
- 4.2. Binominal constructions with a preposition
- 4.3. Bibliographical notes
- 5 Determiners: articles and pronouns
- Introduction
- 5.1. Articles
- 5.2. Pronouns
- 5.3. Bibliographical notes
- 6 Numerals and quantifiers
- 7 Pre-determiners
- Introduction
- 7.1. The universal quantifier al 'all' and its alternants
- 7.2. The pre-determiner heel 'all/whole'
- 7.3. A note on focus particles
- 7.4. Bibliographical notes
- 8 Syntactic uses of noun phrases
- Adjectives and Adjective Phrases
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- 2 Projection of adjective phrases I: Complementation
- 3 Projection of adjective phrases II: Modification
- 4 Projection of adjective phrases III: Comparison
- 5 Attributive use of the adjective phrase
- 6 Predicative use of the adjective phrase
- 7 The partitive genitive construction
- 8 Adverbial use of the adjective phrase
- 9 Participles and infinitives: their adjectival use
- 10 Special constructions
- Adpositions and adpositional phrases
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- Introduction
- 1.1. Characterization of the category adposition
- 1.2. A formal classification of adpositional phrases
- 1.3. A semantic classification of adpositional phrases
- 1.3.1. Spatial adpositions
- 1.3.2. Temporal adpositions
- 1.3.3. Non-spatial/temporal prepositions
- 1.4. Borderline cases
- 1.5. Bibliographical notes
- 2 Projection of adpositional phrases: Complementation
- 3 Projection of adpositional phrases: Modification
- 4 Syntactic uses of the adpositional phrase
- 5 R-pronominalization and R-words
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- Phonology
- Frisian
- Introduction to Frisian
- Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Phonotactics
- Phonological Processes
- Assimilation
- Vowel nasalization
- Syllabic sonorants
- Final devoicing
- Fake geminates
- Vowel hiatus resolution
- Vowel reduction introduction
- Schwa deletion
- Schwa insertion
- /r/-deletion
- d-insertion
- {s/z}-insertion
- t-deletion
- Intrusive stop formation
- Breaking
- Vowel shortening
- h-deletion
- Replacement of the glide w
- Word stress
- Clitics
- Allomorphy
- Orthography of Frisian
- Morphology
- Inflection
- Word formation
- Derivation
- Prefixation
- Infixation
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- Nominal suffixes
- Verbal suffixes
- Adjectival suffixes
- Adverbial suffixes
- Numeral suffixes
- Interjectional suffixes
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- Conversion
- Derivation
- Syntax
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Unergative and unaccusative subjects
- Evidentiality
- To-infinitival clauses
- Predication and noun incorporation
- Ellipsis
- Imperativus-pro-Infinitivo
- Expression of irrealis
- Embedded Verb Second
- Agreement
- Negation
- Nouns & Noun Phrases
- Classification
- Complementation
- Modification
- Partitive noun constructions
- Referential partitive constructions
- Partitive measure nouns
- Numeral partitive constructions
- Partitive question constructions
- Nominalised quantifiers
- Kind partitives
- Partitive predication with prepositions
- Bare nominal attributions
- Articles and names
- Pronouns
- Quantifiers and (pre)determiners
- Interrogative pronouns
- R-pronouns
- Syntactic uses
- Adjective Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification and degree quantification
- Comparison by degree
- Comparative
- Superlative
- Equative
- Attribution
- Agreement
- Attributive adjectives vs. prenominal elements
- Complex adjectives
- Noun ellipsis
- Co-occurring adjectives
- Predication
- Partitive adjective constructions
- Adverbial use
- Participles and infinitives
- Adposition Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification
- Intransitive adpositions
- Predication
- Preposition stranding
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- Afrikaans
- Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Overview of Afrikaans vowels
- The rounded and unrounded high front vowels /i/ and /y/
- The diphthongised long vowels /e/, /ø/ and /o/
- The unrounded mid-front vowel /ɛ/
- The unrounded low-central vowel /ɑ/
- The unrounded low-central vowel /a/
- The rounded mid-high back vowel /ɔ/
- The rounded high back vowel /u/
- The unrounded and rounded central vowels /ə/ and /œ/
- The diphthongs /əi/, /œy/ and /œu/
- Overview of Afrikaans Consonants
- The bilabial plosives /p/ and /b/
- The alveolar plosives /t/ and /d/
- The velar plosives /k/ and /g/
- The bilabial nasal /m/
- The alveolar nasal /n/
- The velar nasal /ŋ/
- The trill /r/
- The lateral liquid /l/
- The labiodental fricatives /f/ and /v/
- The alveolar fricatives /s/ and /z/
- The velar fricative /x/
- The approximants /ɦ/, /j/ and /ʋ/
- Overview of Afrikaans vowels
- Word stress
- The phonetic properties of stress
- Primary stress on monomorphemic words in Afrikaans
- Background to primary stress in monomorphemes in Afrikaans
- Overview of the Main Stress Rule of Afrikaans
- The short vowels of Afrikaans
- Long vowels in monomorphemes
- Primary stress on diphthongs in monomorphemes
- Exceptions
- Stress shifts in place names
- Stress shift towards word-final position
- Stress pattern of reduplications
- Phonological Processes
- Phonotactics
- Segment inventory
- Morphology
- Syntax
- Introduction to Noun Phrases
- Introduction to Adjective Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification and degree quantification
- Comparison by comparative, superlative and equative degree
- Attribution
- Predication
- The partitive adjective construction
- Adverbial use
- Participles and infinitives as adjectives
- Introduction to Verb Phrases
- Phonology
Agreement
quickinfo
Measure nouns do not determine agreement on the verb if they are in the singular. In case they are in the plural, they do determine agreement on the verb, but then they seem to be individuated. Measure nouns preceded by a numeral tend to not determine agreement on the verb, unless the measure noun is individuated.
readmore
Nouns of high and low quantity do not determine agreement on the verb. This is illustrated below for a noun of a high quantity:
Example 1
| a. | In soad minsken laken | ||||||||||||||
| a lot.SG people.PL laughed.PL | |||||||||||||||
| A lot of people laughed | |||||||||||||||
| b. | *In soad minsken lake | ||||||||||||||
| a lot.SG people.PL laughed.SG | |||||||||||||||
| A lot of people laughed | |||||||||||||||
The same fact is illustrated below for a noun of low quantity:
Example 2
| a. | Der wennen sa'n bytsje minsken yn Almere | ||||||||||||||
| there lived.PL such.a bit.SG people.PL in Almere | |||||||||||||||
| There lived so few people in Almere | |||||||||||||||
| b. | In pear minsken laken | ||||||||||||||
| a few.SG people.PL laughed.PL | |||||||||||||||
| A few people laughed | |||||||||||||||
| c. | *In pear minsken lake | ||||||||||||||
| a few.SG people.PL laughed.SG | |||||||||||||||
| A few people laughed | |||||||||||||||
Plural measure nouns do determine agreement on the verb, but in that case they seem to have become referential:
Example 3
| Der leine lytse bytsjes oer de flier |
| there lay.PL little bits on the floor |
| Little bits lay on the floor |
Nouns of exact quantity do not determine agreement on the verb in case they are preceded by a numeral:
Example 4
| a. | Der lei in kilo apels op tafel | ||||||||||||||
| there lay.SG a kilo.SG apples.PL on table | |||||||||||||||
| There was a kilo of apples on the table | |||||||||||||||
| b. | Der lei twa kilo apels op tafel | ||||||||||||||
| there lay.SG two kilo.SG apples.PL on table | |||||||||||||||
| Two kilos of apples were on the table | |||||||||||||||
In the examples above, the content noun does not determine agreement either. The construction is usually singular in the presence of a numeral, although some speakers allow a plural in case the content noun is plural and in case the measure noun can be individuated:
Example 5
| ?Der leine twa kilo apels op tafel |
| there lay.PL two kilo.SG apples.PL on table |
| There were two kilos of apples on the table |
It is the content noun which is responsible for plural agreement, not the (plural) numeral. If the plural content noun is replaced with a singular one, then agreement must be singular:
Example 6
| a. | *Der leine twa kilo bûter op tafel | ||||||||||||||
| there lay.PL two kilo.SG butter.SG on table | |||||||||||||||
| There were two kilos of butter on the table | |||||||||||||||
| b. | Der lei twa kilo bûter op tafel | ||||||||||||||
| there lay.SG two kilo.SG butter.SG on table | |||||||||||||||
| There were two kilos of butter on the table | |||||||||||||||
If the numeral is absent, the measure noun can be pluralised and determines agreement on the verb:
Example 7
| Der leine kilo's bûter op tafel |
| there lay.PL kilo.PL nutter.SG on table |
| There were kilos of butter on the table |
Some measure nouns are not pluralised after numerals, whereas others are. For example, kilokilo, jieryear and gûneflorin are not pluralised after numerals, whereas deiday and sintcent are. Diminutives of measure nouns are always pluralised.
[hide extra information]
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Literature
More details can be found in Hoekstra (1988).
References:
- Hoekstra, Jarich1988Twa kilo sipelsFriesch Dagblad13-12Taalsnipels 64
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ABOUT THIS TOPIC
Author(s):
Eric Hoekstra
Category:
Frisian Syntax
Publication date:
07 August 2019
Keywords:
measure noun
agreement
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