- Dutch
- Frisian
- Afrikaans
- Dutch
- Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Phonotactics
- Phonological processes
- Phonology-morphology interface
- Word stress
- Primary stress in simplex words
- Monomorphemic words
- Diachronic aspects
- Generalizations on stress placement
- Default penultimate stress
- Lexical stress
- The closed penult restriction
- Final closed syllables
- The diphthong restriction
- Superheavy syllables (SHS)
- The three-syllable window
- Segmental restrictions
- Phonetic correlates
- Stress shifts in loanwords
- Quantity-sensitivity
- Secondary stress
- Vowel reduction in unstressed syllables
- Stress in complex words
- Primary stress in simplex words
- Accent & intonation
- Clitics
- Spelling
- Morphology
- Word formation
- Compounding
- Nominal compounds
- Verbal compounds
- Adjectival compounds
- Affixoids
- Coordinative compounds
- Synthetic compounds
- Reduplicative compounds
- Phrase-based compounds
- Elative compounds
- Exocentric compounds
- Linking elements
- Separable complex verbs (SCVs)
- Gapping of complex words
- Particle verbs
- Copulative compounds
- Derivation
- Numerals
- Derivation: inputs and input restrictions
- The meaning of affixes
- Non-native morphology
- Cohering and non-cohering affixes
- Prefixation
- Suffixation
- Nominal suffixation: person nouns
- Conversion
- Pseudo-participles
- Bound forms
- Nouns
- Nominal prefixes
- Nominal suffixes
- -aal and -eel
- -aar
- -aard
- -aat
- -air
- -aris
- -ast
- Diminutives
- -dom
- -een
- -ees
- -el (nominal)
- -elaar
- -enis
- -er (nominal)
- -erd
- -erik
- -es
- -eur
- -euse
- ge...te
- -heid
- -iaan, -aan
- -ief
- -iek
- -ier
- -ier (French)
- -ière
- -iet
- -igheid
- -ij and allomorphs
- -ijn
- -in
- -ing
- -isme
- -ist
- -iteit
- -ling
- -oir
- -oot
- -rice
- -schap
- -schap (de)
- -schap (het)
- -sel
- -st
- -ster
- -t
- -tal
- -te
- -voud
- Verbs
- Adjectives
- Adverbs
- Univerbation
- Neo-classical word formation
- Construction-dependent morphology
- Morphological productivity
- Compounding
- Inflection
- Inflection and derivation
- Allomorphy
- The interface between phonology and morphology
- Word formation
- Syntax
- Preface and acknowledgements
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- 1 Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of verb phrases I:Argument structure
- 3 Projection of verb phrases II:Verb frame alternations
- Introduction
- 3.1. Main types
- 3.2. Alternations involving the external argument
- 3.3. Alternations of noun phrases and PPs
- 3.3.1. Dative/PP alternations (dative shift)
- 3.3.1.1. Dative alternation with aan-phrases (recipients)
- 3.3.1.2. Dative alternation with naar-phrases (goals)
- 3.3.1.3. Dative alternation with van-phrases (sources)
- 3.3.1.4. Dative alternation with bij-phrases (possessors)
- 3.3.1.5. Dative alternation with voor-phrases (benefactives)
- 3.3.1.6. Conclusion
- 3.3.1.7. Bibliographical notes
- 3.3.2. Accusative/PP alternations
- 3.3.3. Nominative/PP alternations
- 3.3.1. Dative/PP alternations (dative shift)
- 3.4. Some apparent cases of verb frame alternation
- 3.5. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of verb phrases IIIa:Selection of clauses/verb phrases
- 5 Projection of verb phrases IIIb:Argument and complementive clauses
- Introduction
- 5.1. Finite argument clauses
- 5.2. Infinitival argument clauses
- 5.3. Complementive clauses
- 6 Projection of verb phrases IIIc:Complements of non-main verbs
- 7 Projection of verb phrases IIId:Verb clusters
- 8 Projection of verb phrases IV: Adverbial modification
- 9 Word order in the clause I:General introduction
- 10 Word order in the clause II:Position of the finite verb (verb-first/second)
- 11 Word order in the clause III:Clause-initial position (wh-movement)
- Introduction
- 11.1. The formation of V1- and V2-clauses
- 11.2. Clause-initial position remains (phonetically) empty
- 11.3. Clause-initial position is filled
- 12 Word order in the clause IV:Postverbal field (extraposition)
- 13 Word order in the clause V: Middle field (scrambling)
- 14 Main-clause external elements
- Nouns and Noun Phrases
- 1 Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of noun phrases I: complementation
- Introduction
- 2.1. General observations
- 2.2. Prepositional and nominal complements
- 2.3. Clausal complements
- 2.4. Bibliographical notes
- 3 Projection of noun phrases II: modification
- Introduction
- 3.1. Restrictive and non-restrictive modifiers
- 3.2. Premodification
- 3.3. Postmodification
- 3.3.1. Adpositional phrases
- 3.3.2. Relative clauses
- 3.3.3. Infinitival clauses
- 3.3.4. A special case: clauses referring to a proposition
- 3.3.5. Adjectival phrases
- 3.3.6. Adverbial postmodification
- 3.4. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of noun phrases III: binominal constructions
- Introduction
- 4.1. Binominal constructions without a preposition
- 4.2. Binominal constructions with a preposition
- 4.3. Bibliographical notes
- 5 Determiners: articles and pronouns
- Introduction
- 5.1. Articles
- 5.2. Pronouns
- 5.3. Bibliographical notes
- 6 Numerals and quantifiers
- 7 Pre-determiners
- Introduction
- 7.1. The universal quantifier al 'all' and its alternants
- 7.2. The pre-determiner heel 'all/whole'
- 7.3. A note on focus particles
- 7.4. Bibliographical notes
- 8 Syntactic uses of noun phrases
- Adjectives and Adjective Phrases
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- 2 Projection of adjective phrases I: Complementation
- 3 Projection of adjective phrases II: Modification
- 4 Projection of adjective phrases III: Comparison
- 5 Attributive use of the adjective phrase
- 6 Predicative use of the adjective phrase
- 7 The partitive genitive construction
- 8 Adverbial use of the adjective phrase
- 9 Participles and infinitives: their adjectival use
- 10 Special constructions
- Adpositions and adpositional phrases
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- Introduction
- 1.1. Characterization of the category adposition
- 1.2. A formal classification of adpositional phrases
- 1.3. A semantic classification of adpositional phrases
- 1.3.1. Spatial adpositions
- 1.3.2. Temporal adpositions
- 1.3.3. Non-spatial/temporal prepositions
- 1.4. Borderline cases
- 1.5. Bibliographical notes
- 2 Projection of adpositional phrases: Complementation
- 3 Projection of adpositional phrases: Modification
- 4 Syntactic uses of the adpositional phrase
- 5 R-pronominalization and R-words
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- Phonology
- Frisian
- Introduction to Frisian
- Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Phonotactics
- Phonological Processes
- Assimilation
- Vowel nasalization
- Syllabic sonorants
- Final devoicing
- Fake geminates
- Vowel hiatus resolution
- Vowel reduction introduction
- Schwa deletion
- Schwa insertion
- /r/-deletion
- d-insertion
- {s/z}-insertion
- t-deletion
- Intrusive stop formation
- Breaking
- Vowel shortening
- h-deletion
- Replacement of the glide w
- Word stress
- Clitics
- Allomorphy
- Orthography of Frisian
- Morphology
- Inflection
- Word formation
- Derivation
- Prefixation
- Infixation
- Suffixation
- Nominal suffixes
- Verbal suffixes
- Adjectival suffixes
- Adverbial suffixes
- Numeral suffixes
- Interjectional suffixes
- Onomastic suffixes
- Conversion
- Derivation
- Syntax
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Unergative and unaccusative subjects
- Evidentiality
- To-infinitival clauses
- Predication and noun incorporation
- Ellipsis
- Imperativus-pro-Infinitivo
- Expression of irrealis
- Embedded Verb Second
- Agreement
- Negation
- Nouns & Noun Phrases
- Classification
- Complementation
- Modification
- Partitive noun constructions
- Referential partitive constructions
- Partitive measure nouns
- Numeral partitive constructions
- Partitive question constructions
- Nominalised quantifiers
- Kind partitives
- Partitive predication with prepositions
- Bare nominal attributions
- Articles and names
- Pronouns
- Quantifiers and (pre)determiners
- Interrogative pronouns
- R-pronouns
- Syntactic uses
- Adjective Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification and degree quantification
- Comparison by degree
- Comparative
- Superlative
- Equative
- Attribution
- Agreement
- Attributive adjectives vs. prenominal elements
- Complex adjectives
- Noun ellipsis
- Co-occurring adjectives
- Predication
- Partitive adjective constructions
- Adverbial use
- Participles and infinitives
- Adposition Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification
- Intransitive adpositions
- Predication
- Preposition stranding
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- Afrikaans
- Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Overview of Afrikaans vowels
- The rounded and unrounded high front vowels /i/ and /y/
- The diphthongised long vowels /e/, /ø/ and /o/
- The unrounded mid-front vowel /ɛ/
- The unrounded low-central vowel /ɑ/
- The unrounded low-central vowel /a/
- The rounded mid-high back vowel /ɔ/
- The rounded high back vowel /u/
- The unrounded and rounded central vowels /ə/ and /œ/
- The diphthongs /əi/, /œy/ and /œu/
- Overview of Afrikaans Consonants
- The bilabial plosives /p/ and /b/
- The alveolar plosives /t/ and /d/
- The velar plosives /k/ and /g/
- The bilabial nasal /m/
- The alveolar nasal /n/
- The velar nasal /ŋ/
- The trill /r/
- The lateral liquid /l/
- The labiodental fricatives /f/ and /v/
- The alveolar fricatives /s/ and /z/
- The velar fricative /x/
- The approximants /ɦ/, /j/ and /ʋ/
- Overview of Afrikaans vowels
- Word stress
- The phonetic properties of stress
- Primary stress on monomorphemic words in Afrikaans
- Background to primary stress in monomorphemes in Afrikaans
- Overview of the Main Stress Rule of Afrikaans
- The short vowels of Afrikaans
- Long vowels in monomorphemes
- Primary stress on diphthongs in monomorphemes
- Exceptions
- Stress shifts in place names
- Stress shift towards word-final position
- Stress pattern of reduplications
- Phonological Processes
- Phonotactics
- Segment inventory
- Morphology
- Syntax
- Introduction to Noun Phrases
- Introduction to Adjective Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification and degree quantification
- Comparison by comparative, superlative and equative degree
- Attribution
- Predication
- The partitive adjective construction
- Adverbial use
- Participles and infinitives as adjectives
- Introduction to Verb Phrases
- Phonology
A noun can be preceded by a list consisting of several adjectives, each of which selects a nominal complement. This phenomenon, referred to as stacking, must be distinguished from coordination. The word order among a number of stacked adjectives is in part determined by the semantic class to which each adjective belongs.
A noun can be preceded by a list consisting of several adjectives, each of which selects a nominal complement. This phenomenon is referred to as stacking:
In moai lyts antyk read klomp-ke |
a nice small antique red clog.DIM.NG |
A nice small antique red clog |
Interestingly, stacking is characteristic of the attributive construction, and it is unusual in a predicative construction:
?It klompke is moai lyts antyk read |
the clog is nice small antique red |
The clog is nice, small, antique and red |
Coordination may also involve a list of several elements. Hence it could be supposed that stacking is related to coordination. It must be noted, however, that not every stacked construction can be converted into a coordination, as shown below:
a. | In lytse Dútske wein | ||||||||||||||
a small German car | |||||||||||||||
A small German car |
b. | *In lytse en Dútske wein | ||||||||||||||
a small and German car | |||||||||||||||
A small German car |
It seems that coordination requires that both adjectives belong to the same semantic group. In the ungrammatical example, this is not the case: lytssmall is a set-denoting adjective and DútskGerman, with its geographical denotation, is a relational adjective. Two set-denoting adjectives can be coordinated:
In goedkeape en sunige wein |
a cheap and economical car |
A cheap and economical car |
It seems that coordination is semantically much more constrained than stacking. The order of stacked adjectives is not free, but correlates with the semantic type to which the adjective belongs. The following phrases illustrate that set-denoting adjectives precede relational adjectives:
a. | In snipper Frysk famke | ||||||||||||||
an neat Frisian girl | |||||||||||||||
A neat Frisian girl |
b. | *In Frysk snipper famke | ||||||||||||||
a Frisian neat girl | |||||||||||||||
A neat Frisian girl |
The following sentences illustrate that evaluative adjectives precede relational adjectives:
a. | Dy ferjammese Amerikaanske hypoteken | ||||||||||||||
those damned American mortgages | |||||||||||||||
Those damned American mortgages |
b. | *Dy Amerikaanske ferjammese hypoteken | ||||||||||||||
those American damned mortgages | |||||||||||||||
Those damned American mortgages |
The following sentences illustrate that evaluative adjectives precede set-denoting adjectives:
a. | Dy ferjammese lekke bân | ||||||||||||||
that damned flat tyre | |||||||||||||||
That damned flat tyre |
b. | *Dy lekke ferjammese bân | ||||||||||||||
that flat damned tyre | |||||||||||||||
That damned flat tyre |
The following example contains an adjective of each the three semantic subgroups; any permutation of the three adjectives leads to a degraded result:
Dy ferjammese ûnferantwurdlike Amerikaanske hypoteken |
those damned irresponsible American mortgages |
Those damned irresponsible American mortgages |
The following template subsumes the ordering restrictions holding between the three kinds of adjectives: Evaluative < Set-denoting < Relational. Within the class of set-denoting adjectives, subjective adjectives precede non-subjective ones:
a. | In moaie reade wein | ||||||||||||||
a nice red car | |||||||||||||||
A nice red car |
b. | ?In reade moaie wein | ||||||||||||||
a red nice car | |||||||||||||||
A nice red car |
Within the class of non-subjective set-denoting adjectives, context-dependent adjectives precede those which are independent of context:
a. | In lyts rûn kontsje | ||||||||||||||
a small round ass | |||||||||||||||
A small round ass |
b. | ?In rûn lyts kontsje | ||||||||||||||
a round small ass | |||||||||||||||
A small round ass |
The following template subsumes the ordering restrictions within the class of set-denoting adjectives: Subjective < Context-dependent < Context-independent.
- Dutch
- Frisian
- Afrikaans
- Intonation
[68%] Dutch > Phonology > Accent & intonation
- Phonotactics at the word level
[66%] Dutch > Phonology > Phonotactics
- Stem allomorphy
[66%] Dutch > Phonology > Phonology-morphology interface > Allomorphy
- Acoustic correlates of stress
[65%] Dutch > Phonology > Accent & intonation
- The spelling of linking elements in compounds
[64%] Dutch > Phonology > Spelling
- Cliticization
[69%] Frisian > Phonology > Clitics
- The resolution of hiatus between /a(:)/ or schwa and a following vowel
[68%] Frisian > Phonology > Phonological Processes > Vowel hiatus resolution
- Replacement of the glide /w/ of the broken diphthong /w{a/o}/ by /j/ following labial consonants
[68%] Frisian > Phonology > Phonological Processes
- Phonological evidence for cliticization
[68%] Frisian > Phonology > Clitics
- /h/-deletion
[68%] Frisian > Phonology > Phonological Processes
- Nasalization
[66%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonological Processes > Vowel related processes
- The phonotactics of Afrikaans
[65%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonotactics
- Rhotacism
[64%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonological Processes > Consonant related processes
- Onset: sequences of three consonants
[63%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonotactics > Onset
- Lowering of front mid vowel /ɛ/
[63%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonological Processes > Vowel related processes
- Dutch
- Frisian
- Afrikaans
- Synthetic compounds
[73%] Dutch > Morphology > Word formation > Compounding
- Adjectival inflection
[73%] Dutch > Morphology > Inflection
- Case - the partitive construction
[72%] Dutch > Morphology > Inflection > Nouns > Case
- Phrase-based compounds
[70%] Dutch > Morphology > Word formation > Compounding
- Derivation: inputs and input restrictions
[70%] Dutch > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation
- In prenominal position
[71%] Frisian > Morphology > Inflection > Adjectives
- -heid, -ens and -ichheid
[70%] Frisian > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation > Suffixation > Nominal suffixes > Adjective as base
- Ellipsis
[70%] Frisian > Morphology > Inflection > Adjectives
- Adjective as base
[69%] Frisian > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation > Prefixation > Adjectival prefixes
- -DIM (diminutive)
[69%] Frisian > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation > Suffixation > Nominal suffixes > Noun as base
- Inputs and input restrictions
[71%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation > Affixation
- Affixation
[65%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation
- Prefixation
[65%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation > Affixation
- Meaning of affixes
[64%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation > Affixation
- Pseudo-participles
[63%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation > Affixation
- Dutch
- Frisian
- Afrikaans
- 5.5. Co-occurring adjectives
[79%] Dutch > Syntax > Adjectives and Adjective Phrases > 5 Attributive use of the adjective phrase
- 1.3.1. Set-denoting, relational, and evaluative adjectives and the residue
[78%] Dutch > Syntax > Adjectives and Adjective Phrases > 1 Characteristics and classification > 1.3. A semantic classification
- 1.3.2.3. A morphological classification
[75%] Dutch > Syntax > Adjectives and Adjective Phrases > 1 Characteristics and classification > 1.3. A semantic classification > 1.3.2. Set-denoting adjectives
- 1.3.2.1. The set-denoting property
[75%] Dutch > Syntax > Adjectives and Adjective Phrases > 1 Characteristics and classification > 1.3. A semantic classification > 1.3.2. Set-denoting adjectives
- 1.3.3. Relational adjectives
[75%] Dutch > Syntax > Adjectives and Adjective Phrases > 1 Characteristics and classification > 1.3. A semantic classification
- Selection for Animacy and for PP
[71%] Frisian > Syntax > Adjective Phrases > Complementation > PPs
- The adverb of manner & degree sa 'so' and negation
[70%] Frisian > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases > Negation
- The adverb of degree followed by an adjective and negation
[70%] Frisian > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases > Negation
- Choice of copula with inanimate subjects
[68%] Frisian > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases > Predication and noun incorporation > Copulas
- The empty verb hinnegean 'go' selects an adjunct IPI
[68%] Frisian > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases > Imperativus-pro-Infinitivo > Adjunct IPI-constructions
- Characteristics and classification
[71%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Adjective Phrases
- Cross-classification of semantic classes and constructions
[70%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Adjective Phrases > Characteristics and classification
- Introduction
[70%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Adjective Phrases
- Noun ellipsis
[70%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Adjective Phrases > Attribution
- Complementation
[69%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Adjective Phrases
