
- Dutch
- Frisian
- Afrikaans
- Dutch
- Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Phonotactics
- Phonological processes
- Phonology-morphology interface
- Word stress
- Primary stress in simplex words
- Monomorphemic words
- Diachronic aspects
- Generalizations on stress placement
- Default penultimate stress
- Lexical stress
- The closed penult restriction
- Final closed syllables
- The diphthong restriction
- Superheavy syllables (SHS)
- The three-syllable window
- Segmental restrictions
- Phonetic correlates
- Stress shifts in loanwords
- Quantity-sensitivity
- Secondary stress
- Vowel reduction in unstressed syllables
- Stress in complex words
- Primary stress in simplex words
- Accent & intonation
- Clitics
- Spelling
- Morphology
- Word formation
- Compounding
- Nominal compounds
- Verbal compounds
- Adjectival compounds
- Affixoids
- Coordinative compounds
- Synthetic compounds
- Reduplicative compounds
- Phrase-based compounds
- Elative compounds
- Exocentric compounds
- Linking elements
- Separable complex verbs (SCVs)
- Gapping of complex words
- Particle verbs
- Copulative compounds
- Derivation
- Numerals
- Derivation: inputs and input restrictions
- The meaning of affixes
- Non-native morphology
- Cohering and non-cohering affixes
- Prefixation
- Suffixation
- Nominal suffixation: person nouns
- Conversion
- Pseudo-participles
- Bound forms
- Nouns
- Nominal prefixes
- Nominal suffixes
- -aal and -eel
- -aar
- -aard
- -aat
- -air
- -aris
- -ast
- Diminutives
- -dom
- -een
- -ees
- -el (nominal)
- -elaar
- -enis
- -er (nominal)
- -erd
- -erik
- -es
- -eur
- -euse
- ge...te
- -heid
- -iaan, -aan
- -ief
- -iek
- -ier
- -ier (French)
- -ière
- -iet
- -igheid
- -ij and allomorphs
- -ijn
- -in
- -ing
- -isme
- -ist
- -iteit
- -ling
- -oir
- -oot
- -rice
- -schap
- -schap (de)
- -schap (het)
- -sel
- -st
- -ster
- -t
- -tal
- -te
- -voud
- Verbs
- Adjectives
- Adverbs
- Univerbation
- Neo-classical word formation
- Construction-dependent morphology
- Morphological productivity
- Compounding
- Inflection
- Inflection and derivation
- Allomorphy
- The interface between phonology and morphology
- Word formation
- Syntax
- Preface and acknowledgements
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- 1 Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of verb phrases I:Argument structure
- 3 Projection of verb phrases II:Verb frame alternations
- Introduction
- 3.1. Main types
- 3.2. Alternations involving the external argument
- 3.3. Alternations of noun phrases and PPs
- 3.3.1. Dative/PP alternations (dative shift)
- 3.3.1.1. Dative alternation with aan-phrases (recipients)
- 3.3.1.2. Dative alternation with naar-phrases (goals)
- 3.3.1.3. Dative alternation with van-phrases (sources)
- 3.3.1.4. Dative alternation with bij-phrases (possessors)
- 3.3.1.5. Dative alternation with voor-phrases (benefactives)
- 3.3.1.6. Conclusion
- 3.3.1.7. Bibliographical notes
- 3.3.2. Accusative/PP alternations
- 3.3.3. Nominative/PP alternations
- 3.3.1. Dative/PP alternations (dative shift)
- 3.4. Some apparent cases of verb frame alternation
- 3.5. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of verb phrases IIIa:Selection of clauses/verb phrases
- 5 Projection of verb phrases IIIb:Argument and complementive clauses
- Introduction
- 5.1. Finite argument clauses
- 5.2. Infinitival argument clauses
- 5.3. Complementive clauses
- 6 Projection of verb phrases IIIc:Complements of non-main verbs
- 7 Projection of verb phrases IIId:Verb clusters
- 8 Projection of verb phrases IV: Adverbial modification
- 9 Word order in the clause I:General introduction
- 10 Word order in the clause II:Position of the finite verb (verb-first/second)
- 11 Word order in the clause III:Clause-initial position (wh-movement)
- Introduction
- 11.1. The formation of V1- and V2-clauses
- 11.2. Clause-initial position remains (phonetically) empty
- 11.3. Clause-initial position is filled
- 12 Word order in the clause IV:Postverbal field (extraposition)
- 13 Word order in the clause V: Middle field (scrambling)
- 14 Main-clause external elements
- Nouns and Noun Phrases
- 1 Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of noun phrases I: complementation
- Introduction
- 2.1. General observations
- 2.2. Prepositional and nominal complements
- 2.3. Clausal complements
- 2.4. Bibliographical notes
- 3 Projection of noun phrases II: modification
- Introduction
- 3.1. Restrictive and non-restrictive modifiers
- 3.2. Premodification
- 3.3. Postmodification
- 3.3.1. Adpositional phrases
- 3.3.2. Relative clauses
- 3.3.3. Infinitival clauses
- 3.3.4. A special case: clauses referring to a proposition
- 3.3.5. Adjectival phrases
- 3.3.6. Adverbial postmodification
- 3.4. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of noun phrases III: binominal constructions
- Introduction
- 4.1. Binominal constructions without a preposition
- 4.2. Binominal constructions with a preposition
- 4.3. Bibliographical notes
- 5 Determiners: articles and pronouns
- Introduction
- 5.1. Articles
- 5.2. Pronouns
- 5.3. Bibliographical notes
- 6 Numerals and quantifiers
- 7 Pre-determiners
- Introduction
- 7.1. The universal quantifier al 'all' and its alternants
- 7.2. The pre-determiner heel 'all/whole'
- 7.3. A note on focus particles
- 7.4. Bibliographical notes
- 8 Syntactic uses of noun phrases
- Adjectives and Adjective Phrases
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- 2 Projection of adjective phrases I: Complementation
- 3 Projection of adjective phrases II: Modification
- 4 Projection of adjective phrases III: Comparison
- 5 Attributive use of the adjective phrase
- 6 Predicative use of the adjective phrase
- 7 The partitive genitive construction
- 8 Adverbial use of the adjective phrase
- 9 Participles and infinitives: their adjectival use
- 10 Special constructions
- Adpositions and adpositional phrases
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- Introduction
- 1.1. Characterization of the category adposition
- 1.2. A formal classification of adpositional phrases
- 1.3. A semantic classification of adpositional phrases
- 1.3.1. Spatial adpositions
- 1.3.2. Temporal adpositions
- 1.3.3. Non-spatial/temporal prepositions
- 1.4. Borderline cases
- 1.5. Bibliographical notes
- 2 Projection of adpositional phrases: Complementation
- 3 Projection of adpositional phrases: Modification
- 4 Syntactic uses of the adpositional phrase
- 5 R-pronominalization and R-words
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- Phonology
- Frisian
- General
- Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Phonotactics
- Phonological Processes
- Assimilation
- Vowel nasalization
- Syllabic sonorants
- Final devoicing
- Fake geminates
- Vowel hiatus resolution
- Vowel reduction introduction
- Schwa deletion
- Schwa insertion
- /r/-deletion
- d-insertion
- {s/z}-insertion
- t-deletion
- Intrusive stop formation
- Breaking
- Vowel shortening
- h-deletion
- Replacement of the glide w
- Word stress
- Clitics
- Allomorphy
- Orthography of Frisian
- Morphology
- Inflection
- Word formation
- Derivation
- Prefixation
- Infixation
- Suffixation
- Nominal suffixes
- Verbal suffixes
- Adjectival suffixes
- Adverbial suffixes
- Numeral suffixes
- Interjectional suffixes
- Onomastic suffixes
- Conversion
- Derivation
- Syntax
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Unergative and unaccusative subjects
- Evidentiality
- To-infinitival clauses
- Predication and noun incorporation
- Ellipsis
- Imperativus-pro-Infinitivo
- Expression of irrealis
- Embedded Verb Second
- Agreement
- Negation
- Nouns & Noun Phrases
- Classification
- Complementation
- Modification
- Partitive noun constructions
- Referential partitive constructions
- Partitive measure nouns
- Numeral partitive constructions
- Partitive question constructions
- Nominalised quantifiers
- Kind partitives
- Partitive predication with prepositions
- Bare nominal attributions
- Articles and names
- Pronouns
- Quantifiers and (pre)determiners
- Interrogative pronouns
- R-pronouns
- Syntactic uses
- Adjective Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification and degree quantification
- Comparison by degree
- Comparative
- Superlative
- Equative
- Attribution
- Agreement
- Attributive adjectives vs. prenominal elements
- Complex adjectives
- Noun ellipsis
- Co-occurring adjectives
- Predication
- Partitive adjective constructions
- Adverbial use
- Participles and infinitives
- Adposition Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification
- Intransitive adpositions
- Predication
- Preposition stranding
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- Afrikaans
- General
- Phonology
- Afrikaans phonology
- Segment inventory
- Overview of Afrikaans vowels
- The diphthongised long vowels /e/, /ø/ and /o/
- The unrounded mid-front vowel /ɛ/
- The unrounded low-central vowel /ɑ/
- The unrounded low-central vowel /a/
- The rounded mid-high back vowel /ɔ/
- The rounded high back vowel /u/
- The rounded and unrounded high front vowels /i/ and /y/
- The unrounded and rounded central vowels /ə/ and /œ/
- The diphthongs /əi/, /œy/ and /œu/
- Overview of Afrikaans consonants
- The bilabial plosives /p/ and /b/
- The alveolar plosives /t/ and /d/
- The velar plosives /k/ and /g/
- The bilabial nasal /m/
- The alveolar nasal /n/
- The velar nasal /ŋ/
- The trill /r/
- The lateral liquid /l/
- The alveolar fricative /s/
- The velar fricative /x/
- The labiodental fricatives /f/ and /v/
- The approximants /ɦ/, /j/ and /ʋ/
- Overview of Afrikaans vowels
- Word stress
- The phonetic properties of stress
- Primary stress on monomorphemic words in Afrikaans
- Background to primary stress in monomorphemes in Afrikaans
- Overview of the Main Stress Rule of Afrikaans
- The short vowels of Afrikaans
- Long vowels in monomorphemes
- Primary stress on diphthongs in monomorphemes
- Exceptions
- Stress shifts in place names
- Stress shift towards word-final position
- Stress pattern of reduplications
- Phonological processes
- Vowel related processes
- Consonant related processes
- Homorganic glide insertion
- Phonology-morphology interface
- Phonotactics
- Morphology
- Syntax
- Afrikaans syntax
- Nouns and noun phrases
- Characteristics of the NP
- Classification of nouns
- Complementation of NPs
- Modification of NPs
- Binominal and partitive constructions
- Referential partitive constructions
- Partitive measure nouns
- Numeral partitive constructions
- Partitive question constructions
- Partitive constructions with nominalised quantifiers
- Partitive predication with prepositions
- Binominal name constructions
- Binominal genitive constructions
- Bare nominal attribution
- Articles and names
- Pronouns
- Quantifiers, determiners and predeterminers
- Syntactic uses of the noun phrase
- Adjectives and adjective phrases
- Characteristics and classification of the AP
- Complementation of APs
- Modification and Degree Quantification of APs
- Comparison by comparative, superlative and equative degree
- Attribution of APs
- Predication of APs
- The partitive adjective construction
- Adverbial use of APs
- Participles and infinitives as adjectives
- Verbs and verb phrases
- Characterisation and classification
- Argument structure
- Verb frame alternations
- Complements of non-main verbs
- Verb clusters
- Complement clauses
- Adverbial modification
- Word order in the clause: Introduction
- Word order in the clause: position of the finite Verb
- Word order in the clause: Clause-initial position
- Word order in the clause: Extraposition and right-dislocation in the postverbal field
- Word order in the middle field
- Emphatic constructions
- Adpositions and adposition phrases
Predeterminers are optional elements that precede other determiners in a noun phrase (NP). Examples of predeterminers in Afrikaans include al all (example 1a), al NUM all NUM (1b), partitive constructions like sommige van some of (1c), and emphatic expressions such as so such (1d).
a. | 'n Vertoning wat al die snare gaan roer. | ||||||||||||||
a show that.REL all the strings go move | |||||||||||||||
A show that will move all heart strings. | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO |
b. | Nou staar al drie die meisies by die tafel vir Ousus met oop monde aan. | ||||||||||||||
now stare all three the girls at the table to Old.sis with open mouths at | |||||||||||||||
Now all three the girls at the table are staring at Old-sis with open mouths. | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO |
c. | Oor sommige van daardie kwessies moet wél gepraat word. | ||||||||||||||
about some of those issues must.AUX.MOD really talk.PASS become.AUX.PASS.PRS | |||||||||||||||
Some of these issues must really be discussed. | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO |
d. | Of het jy dalk so 'n geheime verliefdheid? | ||||||||||||||
or have you.SG maybe such a secret in.loveness | |||||||||||||||
Of do you maybe have such a secret love? | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO |
The universal quantifier al all is often used as predeterminer before a determiner such as the definite article die the (2a) or a demonstrative (2b). The noun can directly follow the determiner, as in (2a-2b), but an adjective (2c) or a quantifier (2d) can be placed between the determiner and the noun.
a. | Al die getik maak my moeg, man. | ||||||||||||||
all the typing make me tired man | |||||||||||||||
All the typing is making me tired, man. | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO (adapted) |
b. | Of is al hierdie gesprekke geheim? | ||||||||||||||
or be.PRS all these discussions secret | |||||||||||||||
Or are all these discussions secret? | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO |
c. | al die ander mense om jou | ||||||||||||||
all the other people around you.SG | |||||||||||||||
all the other people around you | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO |
d. | Of dalk sukkel jy net om al die baie informasie te verwerk. | ||||||||||||||
or maybe struggle you.SG just for.COMP all the much information PTCL.INF process.INF | |||||||||||||||
Of maybe you are just struggling to process all of this information. | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO (adapted) |
The predeterminer al can also be followed by a definite numeral to indicate that a specific number of items or people, which is the total number of these, are referred to, as in (3a) and (3b). There are different permutations of this construction, however. The phrase al NUM can follow a plural pronoun (3c), or it can be used in a partitive construction with van of (3d), or placed elsewhere in the clause while still modifying the noun or pronoun (3e).
a. | Onthou nie-lewende dinge kan nie al sewe lewensprosesse uitvoer nie. | ||||||||||||||
remember non-living things can.AUX.MOD not all seven life.processes perform PTCL.NEG | |||||||||||||||
Remember non-living things cannot perform all seven life processes. | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO |
b. | al drie dié vakke | ||||||||||||||
all three these/those subjects | |||||||||||||||
all three these subjects | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO |
c. | Ons al drie het vir mekaar gekyk en gesê, ja, dit kan werk. | ||||||||||||||
we all three have.AUX to each.other look.PST and say.PST yes it can work | |||||||||||||||
All three of us looked at each other and said, yes, it could work. | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO (adapted) |
d. | Want al drie van ons het goeie herinneringe aan die liedjie. | ||||||||||||||
because all three of us have.PRS good memories of this song.DIM | |||||||||||||||
Because all three of us have good memories of this song. | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO (adapted) |
e. | Ons moet al twee nog terug werk toe. | ||||||||||||||
we must.AUX.MOD all two still back work to | |||||||||||||||
Both of us should still go back to work. | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO |
Partitive constructions refer to part of a collection, and the collection can be identified from the definite NP in the construction, after the partitive genitive particle van of. Preceding the van can be an indefinite NP (4a-c), a definite NP (fractal) (4d), a quantifier (4e-g), an indefinite pronoun (4h-i), or even nothing (4j), where van developed to an independent indefinite predeterminer of its own (Ponelis 1979:137).
a. | 'n Paar van hulle het uitgekom. | ||||||||||||||
a couple of them have.AUX out.come.PST | |||||||||||||||
A couple of them came out. | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO |
b. | Ek het 'n klomp van die boodskappe afgevee. | ||||||||||||||
I have.AUX a lot of the message off.wipe.PST | |||||||||||||||
I deleted a number of the messages. | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO (adapted) |
c. | 'n Spul van jou pa se pelle weet nou van jou bestaan. | ||||||||||||||
a lot of your.SG father PTCL.GEN friends know now of your existence | |||||||||||||||
A lot of your father's friends now know about your existence. | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO |
d. | Pak die helfte van die skywe in 'n taamlike groot oondvaste bak. | ||||||||||||||
pack the half of the slices in a fairly large ovenproof bowl | |||||||||||||||
Pack half of the slices in a fairly large ovenproof bowl. | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO (adapted) |
e. | Net enkele van my vriende ken die ware storie. | ||||||||||||||
only singles of my friends know the true story | |||||||||||||||
Only a few of my friends know the true story. | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO |
f. | Ongelukkig voel sommige van ons bietjie uitgesluit as gevolg daarvan. | ||||||||||||||
unfortunately feel some of us bit excluded as consequence PN.of | |||||||||||||||
Unfortunately some of us feel a bit excluded because of this. | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO |
g. | Party van hierdie diere is kos vir vleisetende diere. | ||||||||||||||
some of these animals be.PRS food for meat.eating animals | |||||||||||||||
Some of these animals are food for carnivores. | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO |
h. | In geeneen van die huise hier rond brand daar 'n lig nie. | ||||||||||||||
in no.one of the houses here around burn there a light PTCL.NEG | |||||||||||||||
In none of the houses around here there are lights burning. | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO |
i. | Druk op enige van die foto's om 'n vergroting te sien. | ||||||||||||||
press on any of the photos for.COMP a enlargement PTCL.INF see.INF | |||||||||||||||
Press on any of the photos to see an enlargement. | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO (adapted) |
j. | Van die koffers is klaar gepak. | ||||||||||||||
of the suitcases be.AUX.PASS.PST finished pack.PASS | |||||||||||||||
Some of the suitcases are already packed. | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO (adapted) |
The demonstrative adjective so such is used as a predeterminer before the indefinite article 'n a(n), which is followed by an adjective and a noun, as illustrated in (5a-5b). Its exclamative correlate is wat what, used in a similar way (5c). As is usually the case with indefinite articles, the noun following can only be a single instance of a count noun. For plurals or mass nouns, the adjective sulke such is used (5d-5e), without the article.
a. | ...die ou Hoofgebou – so 'n pragtige gebou. | ||||||||||||||
the old Main.building such a beautiful building | |||||||||||||||
...the old Main building – such a beautiful building. | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO |
b. | En dit is so 'n pragtige dag op die strand. | ||||||||||||||
and it be.PRS such a beautiful day on the beach | |||||||||||||||
And it is such a beautiful day on the beach. | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO |
c. | Wat 'n pragtige dag! | ||||||||||||||
that.REL a beautiful day | |||||||||||||||
What a beautiful day! | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO |
d. | Quintus het nog nooit tevore sulke pragtige geboue gesien nie. | ||||||||||||||
Quintus have.AUX still never before such beautiful buildings see.PST PTCL.NEG | |||||||||||||||
Quintus have never before seen such beautiful buildings. | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO |
e. | Dis maklik om liefde te gee vir sulke pragtige goed! | ||||||||||||||
it.is easy for.COMP love PTCL.INF give.INF to such beautiful things | |||||||||||||||
It is easy to love such beautiful things! | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO |
- Ponelis, Frits A1979Afrikaanse sintaksisPretoriaJ.L. van Schaik
