- Dutch
- Frisian
- Afrikaans
- Dutch
- Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Phonotactics
- Phonological processes
- Phonology-morphology interface
- Word stress
- Primary stress in simplex words
- Monomorphemic words
- Diachronic aspects
- Generalizations on stress placement
- Default penultimate stress
- Lexical stress
- The closed penult restriction
- Final closed syllables
- The diphthong restriction
- Superheavy syllables (SHS)
- The three-syllable window
- Segmental restrictions
- Phonetic correlates
- Stress shifts in loanwords
- Quantity-sensitivity
- Secondary stress
- Vowel reduction in unstressed syllables
- Stress in complex words
- Primary stress in simplex words
- Accent & intonation
- Clitics
- Spelling
- Morphology
- Word formation
- Compounding
- Nominal compounds
- Verbal compounds
- Adjectival compounds
- Affixoids
- Coordinative compounds
- Synthetic compounds
- Reduplicative compounds
- Phrase-based compounds
- Elative compounds
- Exocentric compounds
- Linking elements
- Separable complex verbs (SCVs)
- Gapping of complex words
- Particle verbs
- Copulative compounds
- Derivation
- Numerals
- Derivation: inputs and input restrictions
- The meaning of affixes
- Non-native morphology
- Cohering and non-cohering affixes
- Prefixation
- Suffixation
- Nominal suffixation: person nouns
- Conversion
- Pseudo-participles
- Bound forms
- Nouns
- Nominal prefixes
- Nominal suffixes
- -aal and -eel
- -aar
- -aard
- -aat
- -air
- -aris
- -ast
- Diminutives
- -dom
- -een
- -ees
- -el (nominal)
- -elaar
- -enis
- -er (nominal)
- -erd
- -erik
- -es
- -eur
- -euse
- ge...te
- -heid
- -iaan, -aan
- -ief
- -iek
- -ier
- -ier (French)
- -ière
- -iet
- -igheid
- -ij and allomorphs
- -ijn
- -in
- -ing
- -isme
- -ist
- -iteit
- -ling
- -oir
- -oot
- -rice
- -schap
- -schap (de)
- -schap (het)
- -sel
- -st
- -ster
- -t
- -tal
- -te
- -voud
- Verbs
- Adjectives
- Adverbs
- Univerbation
- Neo-classical word formation
- Construction-dependent morphology
- Morphological productivity
- Compounding
- Inflection
- Inflection and derivation
- Allomorphy
- The interface between phonology and morphology
- Word formation
- Syntax
- Preface and acknowledgements
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- 1 Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of verb phrases I:Argument structure
- 3 Projection of verb phrases II:Verb frame alternations
- Introduction
- 3.1. Main types
- 3.2. Alternations involving the external argument
- 3.3. Alternations of noun phrases and PPs
- 3.3.1. Dative/PP alternations (dative shift)
- 3.3.1.1. Dative alternation with aan-phrases (recipients)
- 3.3.1.2. Dative alternation with naar-phrases (goals)
- 3.3.1.3. Dative alternation with van-phrases (sources)
- 3.3.1.4. Dative alternation with bij-phrases (possessors)
- 3.3.1.5. Dative alternation with voor-phrases (benefactives)
- 3.3.1.6. Conclusion
- 3.3.1.7. Bibliographical notes
- 3.3.2. Accusative/PP alternations
- 3.3.3. Nominative/PP alternations
- 3.3.1. Dative/PP alternations (dative shift)
- 3.4. Some apparent cases of verb frame alternation
- 3.5. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of verb phrases IIIa:Selection of clauses/verb phrases
- 5 Projection of verb phrases IIIb:Argument and complementive clauses
- Introduction
- 5.1. Finite argument clauses
- 5.2. Infinitival argument clauses
- 5.3. Complementive clauses
- 6 Projection of verb phrases IIIc:Complements of non-main verbs
- 7 Projection of verb phrases IIId:Verb clusters
- 8 Projection of verb phrases IV: Adverbial modification
- 9 Word order in the clause I:General introduction
- 10 Word order in the clause II:Position of the finite verb (verb-first/second)
- 11 Word order in the clause III:Clause-initial position (wh-movement)
- Introduction
- 11.1. The formation of V1- and V2-clauses
- 11.2. Clause-initial position remains (phonetically) empty
- 11.3. Clause-initial position is filled
- 12 Word order in the clause IV:Postverbal field (extraposition)
- 13 Word order in the clause V: Middle field (scrambling)
- 14 Main-clause external elements
- Nouns and Noun Phrases
- 1 Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of noun phrases I: complementation
- Introduction
- 2.1. General observations
- 2.2. Prepositional and nominal complements
- 2.3. Clausal complements
- 2.4. Bibliographical notes
- 3 Projection of noun phrases II: modification
- Introduction
- 3.1. Restrictive and non-restrictive modifiers
- 3.2. Premodification
- 3.3. Postmodification
- 3.3.1. Adpositional phrases
- 3.3.2. Relative clauses
- 3.3.3. Infinitival clauses
- 3.3.4. A special case: clauses referring to a proposition
- 3.3.5. Adjectival phrases
- 3.3.6. Adverbial postmodification
- 3.4. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of noun phrases III: binominal constructions
- Introduction
- 4.1. Binominal constructions without a preposition
- 4.2. Binominal constructions with a preposition
- 4.3. Bibliographical notes
- 5 Determiners: articles and pronouns
- Introduction
- 5.1. Articles
- 5.2. Pronouns
- 5.3. Bibliographical notes
- 6 Numerals and quantifiers
- 7 Pre-determiners
- Introduction
- 7.1. The universal quantifier al 'all' and its alternants
- 7.2. The pre-determiner heel 'all/whole'
- 7.3. A note on focus particles
- 7.4. Bibliographical notes
- 8 Syntactic uses of noun phrases
- Adjectives and Adjective Phrases
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- 2 Projection of adjective phrases I: Complementation
- 3 Projection of adjective phrases II: Modification
- 4 Projection of adjective phrases III: Comparison
- 5 Attributive use of the adjective phrase
- 6 Predicative use of the adjective phrase
- 7 The partitive genitive construction
- 8 Adverbial use of the adjective phrase
- 9 Participles and infinitives: their adjectival use
- 10 Special constructions
- Adpositions and adpositional phrases
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- Introduction
- 1.1. Characterization of the category adposition
- 1.2. A formal classification of adpositional phrases
- 1.3. A semantic classification of adpositional phrases
- 1.3.1. Spatial adpositions
- 1.3.2. Temporal adpositions
- 1.3.3. Non-spatial/temporal prepositions
- 1.4. Borderline cases
- 1.5. Bibliographical notes
- 2 Projection of adpositional phrases: Complementation
- 3 Projection of adpositional phrases: Modification
- 4 Syntactic uses of the adpositional phrase
- 5 R-pronominalization and R-words
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- Phonology
- Frisian
- Introduction to Frisian
- Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Phonotactics
- Phonological Processes
- Assimilation
- Vowel nasalization
- Syllabic sonorants
- Final devoicing
- Fake geminates
- Vowel hiatus resolution
- Vowel reduction introduction
- Schwa deletion
- Schwa insertion
- /r/-deletion
- d-insertion
- {s/z}-insertion
- t-deletion
- Intrusive stop formation
- Breaking
- Vowel shortening
- h-deletion
- Replacement of the glide w
- Word stress
- Clitics
- Allomorphy
- Orthography of Frisian
- Morphology
- Inflection
- Word formation
- Derivation
- Prefixation
- Infixation
- Suffixation
- Nominal suffixes
- Verbal suffixes
- Adjectival suffixes
- Adverbial suffixes
- Numeral suffixes
- Interjectional suffixes
- Onomastic suffixes
- Conversion
- Derivation
- Syntax
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Unergative and unaccusative subjects
- Evidentiality
- To-infinitival clauses
- Predication and noun incorporation
- Ellipsis
- Imperativus-pro-Infinitivo
- Expression of irrealis
- Embedded Verb Second
- Agreement
- Negation
- Nouns & Noun Phrases
- Classification
- Complementation
- Modification
- Partitive noun constructions
- Referential partitive constructions
- Partitive measure nouns
- Numeral partitive constructions
- Partitive question constructions
- Nominalised quantifiers
- Kind partitives
- Partitive predication with prepositions
- Bare nominal attributions
- Articles and names
- Pronouns
- Quantifiers and (pre)determiners
- Interrogative pronouns
- R-pronouns
- Syntactic uses
- Adjective Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification and degree quantification
- Comparison by degree
- Comparative
- Superlative
- Equative
- Attribution
- Agreement
- Attributive adjectives vs. prenominal elements
- Complex adjectives
- Noun ellipsis
- Co-occurring adjectives
- Predication
- Partitive adjective constructions
- Adverbial use
- Participles and infinitives
- Adposition Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification
- Intransitive adpositions
- Predication
- Preposition stranding
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- Afrikaans
- Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Overview of Afrikaans vowels
- The rounded and unrounded high front vowels /i/ and /y/
- The diphthongised long vowels /e/, /ø/ and /o/
- The unrounded mid-front vowel /ɛ/
- The unrounded low-central vowel /ɑ/
- The unrounded low-central vowel /a/
- The rounded mid-high back vowel /ɔ/
- The rounded high back vowel /u/
- The unrounded and rounded central vowels /ə/ and /œ/
- The diphthongs /əi/, /œy/ and /œu/
- Overview of Afrikaans Consonants
- The bilabial plosives /p/ and /b/
- The alveolar plosives /t/ and /d/
- The velar plosives /k/ and /g/
- The bilabial nasal /m/
- The alveolar nasal /n/
- The velar nasal /ŋ/
- The trill /r/
- The lateral liquid /l/
- The labiodental fricatives /f/ and /v/
- The alveolar fricatives /s/ and /z/
- The velar fricative /x/
- The approximants /ɦ/, /j/ and /ʋ/
- Overview of Afrikaans vowels
- Word stress
- The phonetic properties of stress
- Primary stress on monomorphemic words in Afrikaans
- Background to primary stress in monomorphemes in Afrikaans
- Overview of the Main Stress Rule of Afrikaans
- The short vowels of Afrikaans
- Long vowels in monomorphemes
- Primary stress on diphthongs in monomorphemes
- Exceptions
- Stress shifts in place names
- Stress shift towards word-final position
- Stress pattern of reduplications
- Phonological Processes
- Phonotactics
- Segment inventory
- Morphology
- Syntax
- Introduction to Noun Phrases
- Introduction to Adjective Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification and degree quantification
- Comparison by comparative, superlative and equative degree
- Attribution
- Predication
- The partitive adjective construction
- Adverbial use
- Participles and infinitives as adjectives
- Introduction to Verb Phrases
- Phonology
The unproductive suffix -mannich derives neuter nouns on the basis of nouns. Examples are deimannichcouple of days (from deiday) and metermannichcouple of meters (from metermeter). The suffix -mannich adds the meaning couple of. Most of the times, the base form is a noun that indicates a measure, although other bases are possible as well: boekmannichcouple of books. The indefinite article in is part of these formations, i.e. we have in deimannich instead of bare deimannich.
The suffix -mannich can be seen as a grammaticalization of the indefinite numeralmannich, which means a couple of or several. The suffix only has the former meaning, i.e. 'a couple of'. The list of derivations with -mannich is limited. Examples are given in the table below:
Base form | Derivations |
deiday | deimannichcouple of days |
gûneguilder | gûnemannichcouple of guilders |
jieryear | jiermannichcouple of years |
keartime | kearmannichcouple of times |
metermeter | metermannichcouple of meters |
minútminute | minútmannichcouple of minutes |
oerehour | oeremannichcouple of hours |
pûnpound | pûnmannichcouple of pounds |
reisjourney | reismannichcouple of times |
stapstep | stapmannichcouple of steps |
stikpiece | stikmannichcouple of |
telmoment, second | telmannichcouple of seconds |
wikeweek | wykmannichcouple of weeks |
wurdword | wurdmannichcouple of words |
The base form is often a noun that indicates a measure of time, distance, weight, etc., but other nominal bases are also possible to certain extent:
a. | Ik haw in boekmannich op 'e planke stean | ||||||||||||||
I have a book-many on.the shelf stay | |||||||||||||||
I've got a couple of books on the shelf |
b. | Ik haw in famkemannich op it feest troffen | ||||||||||||||
I have a girl-many on the party met | |||||||||||||||
I've met a couple of girls on the party |
There are a few input restrictions, mentioned by Hoekstra (1992:83-84). Firstly, a noun ending in -mannich cannot be preceded by an adjective:
a. | *Ik haw in spannend boekmannich op 'e planke stean | ||||||||||||||
I have an exciting book-many on.the shelf stay | |||||||||||||||
I've got a couple of adventure books on the shelf |
b. | *Ik haw in tsjep famkemannich op it feest troffen | ||||||||||||||
I have a handsome girl-many on the party met | |||||||||||||||
I've met a couple of handsome girls at the party |
Secondly, a sentence in which the noun is followed by a complement is not allowed. An example of such an ungrammatical sentence is given in (a) below. The solution is to put the word ending in -mannich before the complement, as can be seen in (b):
a. | *Ik seach in famke mei blauwe eagen mannich | ||||||||||||||
I saw a girl with blue eyes many | |||||||||||||||
I saw a couple of girls with blue eyes |
b. | Ik seach in famkemannich mei blauwe eagen | ||||||||||||||
I saw a girl-many with blue eyes | |||||||||||||||
I saw a couple of girls with blue eyes |
If the base noun indicates a measure, like kroadebarrow in (4a) below and hûnderta hundred in (4b), the complement also has to be moved to the right-hand side of the derivation with -mannich:
a. | *Ik brocht in kroade dong mannich fuort |
I brought a barrow dung many away | |
I took away a barrow of dung |
a.' | Ik brocht in kroademannich dong fuort |
I brought a barrow-many dung away | |
I took away a barrow of dung |
b. | *Der stienen in hûndert kij mannich yn it lân |
there stood a hundred cows many in the land | |
A few hundred cows stood in the meadow |
b.' | Der stienen in hûndertmannich kij yn it lân |
there stood a hundred-many cows in the land | |
A few hundred cows stood in the meadow |
Most of the times, the formation with -mannich is used in combination with the indefinite article ina(n). According to Hoekstra (1998:89), it is probably best to see in rather as an extension of the base than as an article, since the construction cannot exist without it:
a. | Wy hawwe in deimannich fuort west | ||||||||||||||
we have a day-many away been | |||||||||||||||
We've been away some days |
b. | Wy hawwe *deimannich fuort west | ||||||||||||||
we have day-many away been | |||||||||||||||
We've been away some days |
Alternatively, we could consider this as an example of construction-dependent morphology, as the indefinite article forms part of the nominal construction.
However, we can evoke a definite article by attaching a complement, as in
It deimannich dat ik fuort west haw |
the.N day-many that.N I away been have |
The couple of days that I have been out |
We then see that derivations with -mannich have neuter gender, determined by the suffix. In the example above, the base deiday.Cday has common gender, which is overridden by the gender of the suffix.
The suffix -mannich originates from the expression in {noun} of {numeral}a {noun} of {numeral}. An example is in dei of trijea day of threeabout three days (see also The construction in N of Num. In older Frisian, the numeral in this construction could also be represented by mannich, as can be seen in the following quotation:
Och, scipper, hie ik mar in stik of mannich fen dy scepsels... |
Oh, skipper, had I PRT a piece of many of those creatures |
O skipper, if I only had a couple of those creatures... |
Later on, the small word ofof got elided, and in this way nouns in -mannich came into existence.
From the same expression in {noun} of {numeral} the deletion of of also occurred before the numerals twatwo, trijethree, oardehealone-and-a-half and treddehealtwo-and-a-half, as can be seen in the examples below:
a. | in deitwa | ||||||||||||||
a day.two | |||||||||||||||
a couple of days |
b. | in wyktrije | ||||||||||||||
a week.three | |||||||||||||||
a couple of weeks |
c. | in wurd oardeheal | ||||||||||||||
a word other.half | |||||||||||||||
a couple of words |
d. | in gûne treddeheal | ||||||||||||||
a guilder third.half | |||||||||||||||
a couple of guilders |
Higher numbers are excluded, however, cf. *in deitsiena day-tenabout ten days.
It would be questionable to consider elements such as twa etc. as suffixes, as in this case the gender of the construction depends on the gender of the measure noun: de deitwa vs. it jiertwa, in keeping with the gender contrast between deiday.C and jieryear.N. Derivations with -mannich are always neuter; the gender is determined by the suffix. Moreover, in contrast to -mannich, where ofof cannot be added anymore (*in stik of mannicha couple of), the construction in dei of twaa couple of days is even more common in everyday language than in deitwa.
More information about the construction in {noun} (of) {numeral} can be found in the construction in N of Num.
The suffix -mannich does not alter the stress pattern of the base form: DEIday > DEImannichcouple of days and minÚTminute > minÚTmannicha couple of minutes. In most cases, there are no extra phonological shifts either: the suffix can just be added to the base form, as in gûne[ɡunə]guilder > gûnemannich[ɡunəmɔnəx]couple of guilders. However, in wykmannichcouple of weeks the final schwa of the base form wike[vikə]week has been dropped.
Formations with bases that are not measure nouns tend to become restricted to the written language nowadays. However, they can easily be replaced by another derivation with -mannich, i.e. stikmannich. Hence, instead of in boekmannicha couple of books we then get in stikmannich boekena couple of books. This derivation with the semantically 'empty' base noun stikpiece actually functions as an indefinite numeral: in stikmannich beammena couple of trees, in stikmannich gebouwena couple of buildings, etcetera. However, for many speakers also in stikmannich will be rather archaic. For them, it would be more common to use the connected construction in stik of wat {noun}a piece or whata couple of, as in in stik of wat boekena couple of books.
This topic is primarily based on Hoekstra (1998:88-89) and Popkema (2006:114 and 181). A detailed treatment of the construction in {N} of {Num} and its derivatives can be found in Hoekstra (1992:83-87).
- Hoekstra, Jarich1992In dei of trije : tusken leksikon en syntaksisPhilologia Frisica anno 1990, Fryske Akademy63-89
- Hoekstra, Jarich1992In dei of trije : tusken leksikon en syntaksisPhilologia Frisica anno 1990, Fryske Akademy63-89
- Hoekstra, Jarich1998Fryske wurdfoarmingLjouwertFryske Akademy
- Hoekstra, Jarich1998Fryske wurdfoarmingLjouwertFryske Akademy
- Popkema, Jan2006Grammatica FriesUtrecht/ LjouwertUitgeverij Het Spectrum BV Prisma Woordenboeken en Taaluitgaven/ Fryske Akademy
- Dutch
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- Abstract phonological forms in Dutch orthography
[84%] Dutch > Phonology > Spelling
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[83%] Dutch > Phonology > Accent & intonation
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[83%] Dutch > Phonology > Accent & intonation
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[82%] Dutch > Phonology > Phonology-morphology interface > Allomorphy
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[80%] Dutch > Phonology > Spelling
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[86%] Frisian > Phonology > Phonological Processes > Final devoicing
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[85%] Frisian > Phonology > Phonological Processes > Schwa deletion
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[84%] Frisian > Phonology > Orthography of Frisian
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[83%] Frisian > Phonology > Phonological Processes > Assimilation
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[83%] Frisian > Phonology > Phonological Processes > Schwa deletion
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[86%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonological Processes > Consonant related processes > Consonant cluster simplification: Overview
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[85%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonological Processes > Vowel related processes
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[85%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonological Processes > Consonant related processes
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[84%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonological Processes > Vowel related processes
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[84%] Dutch > Morphology > Inflection > Nouns > Case
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[84%] Dutch > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation > Nouns > Nominal suffixes
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[83%] Dutch > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation > Nouns > Nominal suffixes
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[83%] Dutch > Morphology > Word formation > Compounding
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[82%] Dutch > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation > Nouns > Nominal suffixes
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[88%] Frisian > Morphology > Inflection > Numerals
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[87%] Frisian > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation > Suffixation > Nominal suffixes > Noun as base
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[86%] Frisian > Morphology > Inflection > Verbs
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[86%] Frisian > Morphology > Inflection > Adjectives
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[85%] Frisian > Morphology > Inflection > Verbs
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[79%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation
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[78%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation > Affixation
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[76%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation > Affixation
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[87%] Dutch > Syntax > Nouns and Noun Phrases > 1 Characterization and classification > 1.3. Derivation of nouns > 1.3.1. Deverbal nouns
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[86%] Dutch > Syntax > Adpositions and adpositional phrases > 1 Characteristics and classification > 1.3. A semantic classification of adpositional phrases > 1.3.1. Spatial adpositions
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[86%] Dutch > Syntax > Adpositions and adpositional phrases > 4 Syntactic uses of the adpositional phrase
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[86%] Dutch > Syntax > Adpositions and adpositional phrases > 1 Characteristics and classification > 1.3. A semantic classification of adpositional phrases > 1.3.1. Spatial adpositions
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