
- Dutch
- Frisian
- Afrikaans
- Dutch
- Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Phonotactics
- Phonological processes
- Phonology-morphology interface
- Word stress
- Primary stress in simplex words
- Monomorphemic words
- Diachronic aspects
- Generalizations on stress placement
- Default penultimate stress
- Lexical stress
- The closed penult restriction
- Final closed syllables
- The diphthong restriction
- Superheavy syllables (SHS)
- The three-syllable window
- Segmental restrictions
- Phonetic correlates
- Stress shifts in loanwords
- Quantity-sensitivity
- Secondary stress
- Vowel reduction in unstressed syllables
- Stress in complex words
- Primary stress in simplex words
- Accent & intonation
- Clitics
- Spelling
- Morphology
- Word formation
- Compounding
- Nominal compounds
- Verbal compounds
- Adjectival compounds
- Affixoids
- Coordinative compounds
- Synthetic compounds
- Reduplicative compounds
- Phrase-based compounds
- Elative compounds
- Exocentric compounds
- Linking elements
- Separable complex verbs (SCVs)
- Gapping of complex words
- Particle verbs
- Copulative compounds
- Derivation
- Numerals
- Derivation: inputs and input restrictions
- The meaning of affixes
- Non-native morphology
- Cohering and non-cohering affixes
- Prefixation
- Suffixation
- Nominal suffixation: person nouns
- Conversion
- Pseudo-participles
- Bound forms
- Nouns
- Nominal prefixes
- Nominal suffixes
- -aal and -eel
- -aar
- -aard
- -aat
- -air
- -aris
- -ast
- Diminutives
- -dom
- -een
- -ees
- -el (nominal)
- -elaar
- -enis
- -er (nominal)
- -erd
- -erik
- -es
- -eur
- -euse
- ge...te
- -heid
- -iaan, -aan
- -ief
- -iek
- -ier
- -ier (French)
- -ière
- -iet
- -igheid
- -ij and allomorphs
- -ijn
- -in
- -ing
- -isme
- -ist
- -iteit
- -ling
- -oir
- -oot
- -rice
- -schap
- -schap (de)
- -schap (het)
- -sel
- -st
- -ster
- -t
- -tal
- -te
- -voud
- Verbs
- Adjectives
- Adverbs
- Univerbation
- Neo-classical word formation
- Construction-dependent morphology
- Morphological productivity
- Compounding
- Inflection
- Inflection and derivation
- Allomorphy
- The interface between phonology and morphology
- Word formation
- Syntax
- Preface and acknowledgements
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- 1 Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of verb phrases I:Argument structure
- 3 Projection of verb phrases II:Verb frame alternations
- Introduction
- 3.1. Main types
- 3.2. Alternations involving the external argument
- 3.3. Alternations of noun phrases and PPs
- 3.3.1. Dative/PP alternations (dative shift)
- 3.3.1.1. Dative alternation with aan-phrases (recipients)
- 3.3.1.2. Dative alternation with naar-phrases (goals)
- 3.3.1.3. Dative alternation with van-phrases (sources)
- 3.3.1.4. Dative alternation with bij-phrases (possessors)
- 3.3.1.5. Dative alternation with voor-phrases (benefactives)
- 3.3.1.6. Conclusion
- 3.3.1.7. Bibliographical notes
- 3.3.2. Accusative/PP alternations
- 3.3.3. Nominative/PP alternations
- 3.3.1. Dative/PP alternations (dative shift)
- 3.4. Some apparent cases of verb frame alternation
- 3.5. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of verb phrases IIIa:Selection of clauses/verb phrases
- 5 Projection of verb phrases IIIb:Argument and complementive clauses
- Introduction
- 5.1. Finite argument clauses
- 5.2. Infinitival argument clauses
- 5.3. Complementive clauses
- 6 Projection of verb phrases IIIc:Complements of non-main verbs
- 7 Projection of verb phrases IIId:Verb clusters
- 8 Projection of verb phrases IV: Adverbial modification
- 9 Word order in the clause I:General introduction
- 10 Word order in the clause II:Position of the finite verb (verb-first/second)
- 11 Word order in the clause III:Clause-initial position (wh-movement)
- Introduction
- 11.1. The formation of V1- and V2-clauses
- 11.2. Clause-initial position remains (phonetically) empty
- 11.3. Clause-initial position is filled
- 12 Word order in the clause IV:Postverbal field (extraposition)
- 13 Word order in the clause V: Middle field (scrambling)
- 14 Main-clause external elements
- Nouns and Noun Phrases
- 1 Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of noun phrases I: complementation
- Introduction
- 2.1. General observations
- 2.2. Prepositional and nominal complements
- 2.3. Clausal complements
- 2.4. Bibliographical notes
- 3 Projection of noun phrases II: modification
- Introduction
- 3.1. Restrictive and non-restrictive modifiers
- 3.2. Premodification
- 3.3. Postmodification
- 3.3.1. Adpositional phrases
- 3.3.2. Relative clauses
- 3.3.3. Infinitival clauses
- 3.3.4. A special case: clauses referring to a proposition
- 3.3.5. Adjectival phrases
- 3.3.6. Adverbial postmodification
- 3.4. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of noun phrases III: binominal constructions
- Introduction
- 4.1. Binominal constructions without a preposition
- 4.2. Binominal constructions with a preposition
- 4.3. Bibliographical notes
- 5 Determiners: articles and pronouns
- Introduction
- 5.1. Articles
- 5.2. Pronouns
- 5.3. Bibliographical notes
- 6 Numerals and quantifiers
- 7 Pre-determiners
- Introduction
- 7.1. The universal quantifier al 'all' and its alternants
- 7.2. The pre-determiner heel 'all/whole'
- 7.3. A note on focus particles
- 7.4. Bibliographical notes
- 8 Syntactic uses of noun phrases
- Adjectives and Adjective Phrases
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- 2 Projection of adjective phrases I: Complementation
- 3 Projection of adjective phrases II: Modification
- 4 Projection of adjective phrases III: Comparison
- 5 Attributive use of the adjective phrase
- 6 Predicative use of the adjective phrase
- 7 The partitive genitive construction
- 8 Adverbial use of the adjective phrase
- 9 Participles and infinitives: their adjectival use
- 10 Special constructions
- Adpositions and adpositional phrases
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- Introduction
- 1.1. Characterization of the category adposition
- 1.2. A formal classification of adpositional phrases
- 1.3. A semantic classification of adpositional phrases
- 1.3.1. Spatial adpositions
- 1.3.2. Temporal adpositions
- 1.3.3. Non-spatial/temporal prepositions
- 1.4. Borderline cases
- 1.5. Bibliographical notes
- 2 Projection of adpositional phrases: Complementation
- 3 Projection of adpositional phrases: Modification
- 4 Syntactic uses of the adpositional phrase
- 5 R-pronominalization and R-words
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- Phonology
- Frisian
- General
- Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Phonotactics
- Phonological Processes
- Assimilation
- Vowel nasalization
- Syllabic sonorants
- Final devoicing
- Fake geminates
- Vowel hiatus resolution
- Vowel reduction introduction
- Schwa deletion
- Schwa insertion
- /r/-deletion
- d-insertion
- {s/z}-insertion
- t-deletion
- Intrusive stop formation
- Breaking
- Vowel shortening
- h-deletion
- Replacement of the glide w
- Word stress
- Clitics
- Allomorphy
- Orthography of Frisian
- Morphology
- Inflection
- Word formation
- Derivation
- Prefixation
- Infixation
- Suffixation
- Nominal suffixes
- Verbal suffixes
- Adjectival suffixes
- Adverbial suffixes
- Numeral suffixes
- Interjectional suffixes
- Onomastic suffixes
- Conversion
- Derivation
- Syntax
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Unergative and unaccusative subjects
- Evidentiality
- To-infinitival clauses
- Predication and noun incorporation
- Ellipsis
- Imperativus-pro-Infinitivo
- Expression of irrealis
- Embedded Verb Second
- Agreement
- Negation
- Nouns & Noun Phrases
- Classification
- Complementation
- Modification
- Partitive noun constructions
- Referential partitive constructions
- Partitive measure nouns
- Numeral partitive constructions
- Partitive question constructions
- Nominalised quantifiers
- Kind partitives
- Partitive predication with prepositions
- Bare nominal attributions
- Articles and names
- Pronouns
- Quantifiers and (pre)determiners
- Interrogative pronouns
- R-pronouns
- Syntactic uses
- Adjective Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification and degree quantification
- Comparison by degree
- Comparative
- Superlative
- Equative
- Attribution
- Agreement
- Attributive adjectives vs. prenominal elements
- Complex adjectives
- Noun ellipsis
- Co-occurring adjectives
- Predication
- Partitive adjective constructions
- Adverbial use
- Participles and infinitives
- Adposition Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification
- Intransitive adpositions
- Predication
- Preposition stranding
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- Afrikaans
- General
- Phonology
- Afrikaans phonology
- Segment inventory
- Overview of Afrikaans vowels
- The diphthongised long vowels /e/, /ø/ and /o/
- The unrounded mid-front vowel /ɛ/
- The unrounded low-central vowel /ɑ/
- The unrounded low-central vowel /a/
- The rounded mid-high back vowel /ɔ/
- The rounded high back vowel /u/
- The rounded and unrounded high front vowels /i/ and /y/
- The unrounded and rounded central vowels /ə/ and /œ/
- The diphthongs /əi/, /œy/ and /œu/
- Overview of Afrikaans consonants
- The bilabial plosives /p/ and /b/
- The alveolar plosives /t/ and /d/
- The velar plosives /k/ and /g/
- The bilabial nasal /m/
- The alveolar nasal /n/
- The velar nasal /ŋ/
- The trill /r/
- The lateral liquid /l/
- The alveolar fricative /s/
- The velar fricative /x/
- The labiodental fricatives /f/ and /v/
- The approximants /ɦ/, /j/ and /ʋ/
- Overview of Afrikaans vowels
- Word stress
- The phonetic properties of stress
- Primary stress on monomorphemic words in Afrikaans
- Background to primary stress in monomorphemes in Afrikaans
- Overview of the Main Stress Rule of Afrikaans
- The short vowels of Afrikaans
- Long vowels in monomorphemes
- Primary stress on diphthongs in monomorphemes
- Exceptions
- Stress shifts in place names
- Stress shift towards word-final position
- Stress pattern of reduplications
- Phonological processes
- Vowel related processes
- Consonant related processes
- Homorganic glide insertion
- Phonology-morphology interface
- Phonotactics
- Morphology
- Syntax
- Afrikaans syntax
- Nouns and noun phrases
- Characteristics of the NP
- Classification of nouns
- Complementation of NPs
- Modification of NPs
- Binominal and partitive constructions
- Referential partitive constructions
- Partitive measure nouns
- Numeral partitive constructions
- Partitive question constructions
- Partitive constructions with nominalised quantifiers
- Partitive predication with prepositions
- Binominal name constructions
- Binominal genitive constructions
- Bare nominal attribution
- Articles and names
- Pronouns
- Quantifiers, determiners and predeterminers
- Syntactic uses of the noun phrase
- Adjectives and adjective phrases
- Characteristics and classification of the AP
- Complementation of APs
- Modification and Degree Quantification of APs
- Comparison by comparative, superlative and equative degree
- Attribution of APs
- Predication of APs
- The partitive adjective construction
- Adverbial use of APs
- Participles and infinitives as adjectives
- Verbs and verb phrases
- Characterisation and classification
- Argument structure
- Verb frame alternations
- Complements of non-main verbs
- Verb clusters
- Complement clauses
- Adverbial modification
- Word order in the clause: Introduction
- Word order in the clause: position of the finite Verb
- Word order in the clause: Clause-initial position
- Word order in the clause: Extraposition and right-dislocation in the postverbal field
- Word order in the middle field
- Emphatic constructions
- Adpositions and adposition phrases
Adverbial modifiers can assume a variety of categorial shapes. This is exemplified as follows with reference to temporal adverbials:
a. | Miemie vertrek baie vroeg | ||||||||||||||
Miemie leave very early | |||||||||||||||
Miemie is leaving very early. |
b. | Miemie vertrek ná die vergadering. | ||||||||||||||
Miemie leave after the meeting | |||||||||||||||
Miemie is leaving after the meeting. |
c. | Miemie vertrek hierdie week al. | ||||||||||||||
Miemie leave this week already | |||||||||||||||
Miemie is leaving this week already. |
d. | Miemie vertrek binnekort. | ||||||||||||||
Miemie leave in.short | |||||||||||||||
Miemie is leaving shortly. |
e. | Miemie vertrek nadat sy gepak het. | ||||||||||||||
Miemie leave after.CNJ she pack.PST.PTCP have.AUX | |||||||||||||||
Miemie is leaving after she has packed. |
f. | Miemie vertrek so gou soos nou. | ||||||||||||||
Miemie leave as quickly as now | |||||||||||||||
Miemie is leaving as soon as possible. |
Categorialisation will be discussed with reference (A) to VP adverbials and (B) to clause adverbials.
The following VP adverbials will be discussed in this section, particularly with reference to their respective structural types: adjectival, prepositional and nominal types, as well as adverbs as such. These formal distinctions will be discussed in the following functional or semantic categories: (I) Process adverbials; (II) Agentive adverbials; (III) Spatio-temporal adverbials; (IV) Contingency adverbials and (V) Predicate-degree adverbials.
Process adverbials are mostly adjectival or prepositional in nature, but may also be purely adverbial as in the case of reduplicated forms. Proform alternants may be deicticso in this way and the interrogative pronoun hoe how. A PP headed by met with may be replaced by the proforms waarmee with what and daarmee with that.
Manner adverbials are mostly adjectival, as in (2a), but may also be adverbs, as in (2b), or PPs, as in (2c).
a. | Die kinders hardloop sing-sing in die straat af. | ||||||||||||||
the children run sing-sing in the street down.POSTP | |||||||||||||||
The children run down the road while singing. |
b. | Jan het die manuskrip met aandag gelees. | ||||||||||||||
Jan have.AUX the manuscript with attention read.PST.PTCP | |||||||||||||||
Jan read the manuscript attentively. |
a. | Janet het die patroon geduldig gebrei. |
Janet have.AUX the pattern patiently knit.PST.PTCP | |
Janet knitted the pattern patiently. |
a.' | Hoe het Janet die patroon gebrei? |
how have.AUX Janet the pattern knit.PST.PTCP | |
How did Janet knit the pattern? |
a.'' | Janet het die patroon so gebrei. |
Janet have.AUX the pattern so knit.PST.PTCP | |
Janet knitted the pattern so. |
In the following, manner is made more specific, such as instrument in (3a) or means in (3b), so that it is matched either by a general proform such as so in this way or a more specific proform, such as daarmee with that .
a. | Jan het die muur met 'n roller geverf. |
Jan have.AUX the wall with a roller paint.PST.PTCP | |
Jan painted the wall with a roller. |
a.' | Jan het die muur daarmee geverf. |
Jan have.AUX the wall PN.with paint.PST.PTCP | |
Jan painted the wall with it. |
a.'' | Jan het die muur so geverf |
Jan have.AUX the wall so paint.PST.PTCP | |
Jan painted the wall in this way. |
b. | Jan het die dak met dakverf geverf. |
Jan have.AUX the roof with roof.paint paint.PST.PTCP | |
Jan painted the roof with roof paint. |
b.' | Jan het die dak daarmee geverf. |
Jan have.AUX the roof PN.with paint.PST.PTCP | |
Jan painted the roof with it. |
b.'' | Jan het die dak so geverf. |
Jan have.AUX the roof so paint.PST.PTCP | |
Jan painted the roof in this way. |
Noodgewonge out of sheer necessity in (4a) and onder dwang under pressure in (4b) are examples of volitional adverbials. In the latter case hoe hoe would be a suitable proform, but not daaronder under that.
a. | Hennie het sy voorregte noodgedwonge prysgegee. |
Hennie have.AUX his privileges necessarily relinquish.PST.PTCP | |
Hennie relinquished his privileges out of necessity. |
a.' | Hennie het sy voorregte so prysgegee. |
Hennie have.AUX his privileges so relinquish.PST.PTCP | |
Hennie relinquished his privileges so. |
b. | Julius is onder dwang uit die vergadering verwyder. |
Julius be.AUX.PASS.PST under force from the meeting remove.PST.PTCP | |
Julius was removed from the meeting by force. |
b.' | Julius is so / *daaronder uit die vergadering verwyder. |
Julius be.AUX.PASS.PST so / PN.under from the meeting remove.PST.PTCP | |
Julius was removed from the meeting in this way / *thereunder. |
Domain adverbials are usually adjectival in nature, and hoe/so how/so not necessarily good proforms:
a. | Gert is medies ongeskik verklaar. | ||||||||||||||
Gert be.AUX.PASS.PST medically unfit declare.PST.PTCP | |||||||||||||||
Gert was declared medically unfit. |
b. | ?Hoe is Gert ongeskik verklaar? | ||||||||||||||
how be.AUX.PASS.PST Gert unfit declare.PST.PTCP | |||||||||||||||
How was Gert declared unfit? |
Agentive adverbials are restricted to one or two very small sets of PPs, as in (6a) – the typical passive agent – and (6b), as well as the adverb allerweë on all sides, widely in (6c) or the adjective algemeen generally(6d). Both words may be interpreted as equivalent to deur almal by all in a passive context, and therefore identify an agentive group.
a. | Die wet is deur Willem oortree. | ||||||||||||||
the law be.AUX.PASS.PST by Willem transgress.PST.PTCP | |||||||||||||||
The law was transgressed by Willem. |
b. | Piet het die vergadering (saam) met Paul bygewoon. | ||||||||||||||
Piet have.AUX the meeting (together) with Paul attend.PST.PTCP | |||||||||||||||
Piet attended the meeting with Paul. |
c. | Hy word allerweë as die nuwe gunsteling beskou. | ||||||||||||||
he be.AUX.PASS.PRS all.ways as the new favourite consider.PST.PTCP | |||||||||||||||
He is considered by all to be the new favourite. |
d. | Haar voorstel is algemeen aanvaar. | ||||||||||||||
her proposal be.AUX.PASS.PST generally accept.PST.PTCP | |||||||||||||||
Her proposal was accepted by all. |
a. | Dié firma is plaaslik sterk. |
this firm is locally strong | |
This firm is strong locally. |
a.' | Dié firma is hier sterk. |
this firm is here strong | |
This firm is strong here. |
b. | Hulle dryf nie oorsee handel nie. |
they drive not overseas trade PTCL.NEG | |
They don't trade overseas. |
b.' | Hulle dryf nie daar handel nie. |
they drive not there trade PTCL.NEG | |
They don't trade there. |
c. | Sy motor staan onder 'n afdak. |
his car stand under a canopy | |
His car stands under a canopy. |
c.' | Sy motor staan daar/daaronder. |
his car stand there/PN.under | |
His car stands there/under it. |
Adverbials expressing directionality do not have hier here, daar there, waar where as proforms, but compounds with daar/waar it/what (where daar and waar, as bound morphemes, are variants of dit it and wat what, respectively) and the PP has either a postposition as head, as in (8a), or be a circumpositional phrase, as in (8b). (8c) contains an example of a pronominalised postpositional phrase.
a. | Die voetpaadjie loop met die rivier langs. | ||||||||||||||
the path go with the river along.POSTP | |||||||||||||||
The path goes along the river. |
b. | Die voetpaadjie loop daarlangs. | ||||||||||||||
the path go PN.along | |||||||||||||||
The path goes along there. |
a. | Die walvis swem die diepsee in. |
the whale swim the deep.sea in.POSTP | |
The whale swims into the deep sea. |
a.' | Waarheen swem die walvis? |
where.to swim the whale | |
Where does the whale swim to? |
a. | Die beroemde koor het gister aangekom. |
the famous choir have.AUX yesterday on.come.PST.PTCP | |
The famous choir arrived yesterday. |
a.' | Wanneer het hulle aangekom? |
when have.AUX they on.come.PST.PTCP | |
When did they arrive? |
b. | Die moordenaar was destyds al berug. |
the murderer be.PST at.the.time already notorious | |
The murderer was already notorious at the time. |
b.' | Hy was toe al berug. |
he be.PST then already notorious | |
He was already notorious then. |
Deictic adverbials may refer back towards the here and now of the speaker, as in (10a), towards the future from the speaker's point of view, as in (10b), while some may refer either to the past, as in (10c), or to the future, as in (10d).
a. | Hulle het hoeka/toeka by ons kom kuier. | ||||||||||||||
they have.AUX long.ago at us come.LINK visit.INF | |||||||||||||||
They came to visit us long ago. |
b. | Hulle sal binnekort hier 'n draai maak. | ||||||||||||||
they will.AUX.MOD in.short here a turn make.INF | |||||||||||||||
They will look in here shortly. |
c. | Die kat was netnou nog hier. | ||||||||||||||
the cat be.PST a.while.ago still here | |||||||||||||||
The cat was still here a while ago. |
d. | Die koue front sal netnou hier wees. | ||||||||||||||
the cold front will.AUX.MOD shortly here be.INF | |||||||||||||||
The cold front will be here shortly. |
Temporal adverbials also express duration, as in (11a), and frequency, as in (11b).
a. | Die nagwag werk deur die nag. | ||||||||||||||
the night.guard work through the night | |||||||||||||||
The night guard works through the night. |
b. | Hugo verloor kort-kort sy humeur. | ||||||||||||||
Hugo lose short-short his temper | |||||||||||||||
Hugo loses his temper every so often. |
Contingency refers to senses such as reason, cause, purpose, result and concession. Contingency adverbials often consist of clauses introduced by complementisers, as illustrated by the examples in (12).
a. | Die kar het gaan staan deurdat die brandstof op was. | ||||||||||||||
the car have.AUX go.LINK stand.INF through.that.CNJ the fuel up was | |||||||||||||||
The car came to a standstill because the fuel was finished. |
b. | Die vissers gaan nie uit nie omdat die wind te veel waai. | ||||||||||||||
the fishermen go.PRS not out PTCL.NEG because.CNJ the wind too much blow | |||||||||||||||
The fishermen don't go out because the wind is too strong. |
c. | Ons sal die konsert bywoon al reën dit. | ||||||||||||||
we will.AUX.MOD the concert attend.INF even rain it | |||||||||||||||
We will attend the concert even if it rains. |
d. | Die verkenner klim die berg sodat hy die vyand kan sien. | ||||||||||||||
the scout climb the mountain so.that.CNJ he the enemy can.AUX.MOD see.INF | |||||||||||||||
The scout climbs the mountain so that he can see the enemy. |
Degree is expressed in the predicate by adverbs (13a), phrases (13b) and clauses (13c), as the following examples demonstrate.
a. | Marie verlang baie na haar ma. | ||||||||||||||
Marie long much to her mother | |||||||||||||||
Marie longs for her mother very much. |
b. | Willie hardloop soos die wind. | ||||||||||||||
Willie run like the wind | |||||||||||||||
Willie runs like the wind. |
c. | Die manne werk dat die stof so staan. | ||||||||||||||
the men work that.COMP the dust so stand | |||||||||||||||
The men work like blazes. |
Some adverbials take the entire clause as their scope. These include polarity adverbials, propositional adverbials, speaker oriented adverbials, subject oriented adverbials, point-of-view adverbials, contingency adverbials, domain related adverbials, speech-act related adverbials and conjunctive adverbials.
a. | Wikus het hom nie laat vang nie. | ||||||||||||||
Wikus have.AUX him.REFL not let.LINK catch.INF PTCL.NEG | |||||||||||||||
Wikus didn't let himself get caught. |
b. | Ek het dit nie gewaag nie omdat ek bang was. | ||||||||||||||
I have.AUX it not dare.PST.PTCP PTCL.NEG because.CNJ I afraid be.PRT | |||||||||||||||
I didn't dare (to do it) because I was afraid. |
c. | Ek het dit nie gewaag omdat ek so dapper was nie. | ||||||||||||||
I have.AUX it not dare.PST.PTCP because.CNJ I so brave be.PRT PTCL.NEG | |||||||||||||||
I didn't dare (to do it) because I was so brave / out of bravery. |
Wel indeed is used as further confirmation of the factuality of a proposition, e.g.
Hy sal laat kom, maar hy neem wel aan die wedstryd deel. |
he will.AUX.MOD late come.INF but.CNJ he take indeed on the competition part |
He will be late but he will still take part in the competition. |
a. | Markus werk waarskynlik aan sy projek. | ||||||||||||||
Markus work probably on his project | |||||||||||||||
Markus is probably working at his project. |
b. | Hy maak duidelik/*duideliker vordering daarmee. | ||||||||||||||
he make clearly / more clearly progress PN.with | |||||||||||||||
He is clearly making progress with it. |
c. | Dit gaan natuurlik/*onnatuurlik môre reën | ||||||||||||||
it go.AUX.MOD naturally/unnaturally tomorrow rain.INF | |||||||||||||||
It will of course rain tomorrow. |
a. | Hy het dit ongetwyfeld/blykbaar/vermoedelik tuis vergeet. | ||||||||||||||
he have.AUX it doubtlessly/apparently/presumably at.home forget.PST.PTCP | |||||||||||||||
He doubtlessly/apparently/presumably forgot it at home. |
b. | ?Het hy dit ongetwyfeld/blykbaar/vermoedelik tuis vergeet? | ||||||||||||||
have.AUX he it doubtlessly/apparently/presumably at.home forget.PST.PTCP | |||||||||||||||
Did he doubtlessly/apparently/presumably forget it at home? |
Ruan het wyslik besluit om te bly. |
Ruan have.AUX wisely decide.PST.PTCP for.COMP PTCL.INF stay.INF |
Ruan wisely decided to stay. |
Maja kom vreemd genoeg tot 'n ander gevolgtrekking. |
Maja come strange enough to an other conclusion |
Interestingly enough, Maja comes to another conclusion. |
a. | Volgens hom het haar party nie 'n kans nie. | ||||||||||||||
according.to him have.PRS her party not a chance PTCL.NEG | |||||||||||||||
According to him, her party doesn't stand a chance. |
b. | Na my mening gaan dit nou beter met hom. | ||||||||||||||
to my opinion go it now better with him | |||||||||||||||
In my opinion he is getting better now. |
c. | Die piesangs is myns insiens nog te groen. | ||||||||||||||
the bananas be.PRS in.my.view still too green | |||||||||||||||
In my view the bananas are still too green. |
Ons gaan môre piekniek maak tensy dit reën. |
we go.AUX.MOD tomorrow picnic make.INF unless.CNJ it rain |
We are going to have a picnic tomorrow unless it rains. |
a. | Taalkundig gesproke is dit verkeerd geformuleer. | ||||||||||||||
linguistically spoken.ADJ is it wrong formulated.ADJ | |||||||||||||||
Linguistically speaking it is formulated incorrectly. |
b. | Dit maak ekonomies gesien nie sin nie. | ||||||||||||||
it make economically seen.ADJ not sense PTCL.NEG | |||||||||||||||
It doesn't make sense, economically speaking. |
Ek het dit eerlikwaar nie so bedoel nie. |
I have.AUX it honestly not so mean.PST.PTCP PTCL.NEG |
I honestly didn't mean it that way. |
a. | Pretty sing pragtig; derhalwe luister ek graag na haar. | ||||||||||||||
Pretty sing beautifully therefore.CNJ listen I gladly to her | |||||||||||||||
Pretty sings beautifully; therefore I like to listen to her. |
b. | Hy het die geld; hy het egter nie die belangstelling nie. | ||||||||||||||
he have.PRS the money he have.PRS however not the interest PTCL.NEG | |||||||||||||||
He has the money; however, he is not interested. |
- Van Schoor, J.L1983Die grammatika van standaard-Afrikaans.Lex Patria
