- Dutch1
- Frisian
- Saterfrisian
- Afrikaans
-
- Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Phonotactics
- Phonological processes
- Phonology-morphology interface
- Word stress
- Primary stress in simplex words
- Monomorphemic words
- Diachronic aspects
- Generalizations on stress placement
- Default penultimate stress
- Lexical stress
- The closed penult restriction
- Final closed syllables
- The diphthong restriction
- Superheavy syllables (SHS)
- The three-syllable window
- Segmental restrictions
- Phonetic correlates
- Stress shifts in loanwords
- Quantity-sensitivity
- Secondary stress
- Vowel reduction in unstressed syllables
- Stress in complex words
- Primary stress in simplex words
- Accent & intonation
- Clitics
- Spelling
- Morphology
- Word formation
- Compounding
- Nominal compounds
- Verbal compounds
- Adjectival compounds
- Affixoids
- Coordinative compounds
- Synthetic compounds
- Reduplicative compounds
- Phrase-based compounds
- Elative compounds
- Exocentric compounds
- Linking elements
- Separable complex verbs (SCVs)
- Gapping of complex words
- Particle verbs
- Copulative compounds
- Derivation
- Numerals
- Derivation: inputs and input restrictions
- The meaning of affixes
- Non-native morphology
- Cohering and non-cohering affixes
- Prefixation
- Suffixation
- Nominal suffixation: person nouns
- Conversion
- Pseudo-participles
- Bound forms
- Nouns
- Nominal prefixes
- Nominal suffixes
- -aal and -eel
- -aar
- -aard
- -aat
- -air
- -aris
- -ast
- Diminutives
- -dom
- -een
- -ees
- -el (nominal)
- -elaar
- -enis
- -er (nominal)
- -erd
- -erik
- -es
- -eur
- -euse
- ge...te
- -heid
- -iaan, -aan
- -ief
- -iek
- -ier
- -ier (French)
- -ière
- -iet
- -igheid
- -ij and allomorphs
- -ijn
- -in
- -ing
- -isme
- -ist
- -iteit
- -ling
- -oir
- -oot
- -rice
- -schap
- -schap (de)
- -schap (het)
- -sel
- -st
- -ster
- -t
- -tal
- -te
- -voud
- Verbs
- Adjectives
- Adverbs
- Univerbation
- Neo-classical word formation
- Construction-dependent morphology
- Morphological productivity
- Compounding
- Inflection
- Inflection and derivation
- Allomorphy
- The interface between phonology and morphology
- Word formation
- Syntax
- Preface and acknowledgements
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- 1 Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of verb phrases I:Argument structure
- 3 Projection of verb phrases II:Verb frame alternations
- Introduction
- 3.1. Main types
- 3.2. Alternations involving the external argument
- 3.3. Alternations of noun phrases and PPs
- 3.3.1. Dative/PP alternations (dative shift)
- 3.3.1.1. Dative alternation with aan-phrases (recipients)
- 3.3.1.2. Dative alternation with naar-phrases (goals)
- 3.3.1.3. Dative alternation with van-phrases (sources)
- 3.3.1.4. Dative alternation with bij-phrases (possessors)
- 3.3.1.5. Dative alternation with voor-phrases (benefactives)
- 3.3.1.6. Conclusion
- 3.3.1.7. Bibliographical notes
- 3.3.2. Accusative/PP alternations
- 3.3.3. Nominative/PP alternations
- 3.3.1. Dative/PP alternations (dative shift)
- 3.4. Some apparent cases of verb frame alternation
- 3.5. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of verb phrases IIIa:Selection of clauses/verb phrases
- 5 Projection of verb phrases IIIb:Argument and complementive clauses
- Introduction
- 5.1. Finite argument clauses
- 5.2. Infinitival argument clauses
- 5.3. Complementive clauses
- 6 Projection of verb phrases IIIc:Complements of non-main verbs
- 7 Projection of verb phrases IIId:Verb clusters
- 8 Projection of verb phrases IV: Adverbial modification
- 9 Word order in the clause I:General introduction
- 10 Word order in the clause II:Position of the finite verb (verb-first/second)
- 11 Word order in the clause III:Clause-initial position (wh-movement)
- Introduction
- 11.1. The formation of V1- and V2-clauses
- 11.2. Clause-initial position remains (phonetically) empty
- 11.3. Clause-initial position is filled
- 12 Word order in the clause IV:Postverbal field (extraposition)
- 13 Word order in the clause V: Middle field (scrambling)
- 14 Main-clause external elements
- Nouns and Noun Phrases
- 1 Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of noun phrases I: complementation
- Introduction
- 2.1. General observations
- 2.2. Prepositional and nominal complements
- 2.3. Clausal complements
- 2.4. Bibliographical notes
- 3 Projection of noun phrases II: modification
- Introduction
- 3.1. Restrictive and non-restrictive modifiers
- 3.2. Premodification
- 3.3. Postmodification
- 3.3.1. Adpositional phrases
- 3.3.2. Relative clauses
- 3.3.3. Infinitival clauses
- 3.3.4. A special case: clauses referring to a proposition
- 3.3.5. Adjectival phrases
- 3.3.6. Adverbial postmodification
- 3.4. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of noun phrases III: binominal constructions
- Introduction
- 4.1. Binominal constructions without a preposition
- 4.2. Binominal constructions with a preposition
- 4.3. Bibliographical notes
- 5 Determiners: articles and pronouns
- Introduction
- 5.1. Articles
- 5.2. Pronouns
- 5.3. Bibliographical notes
- 6 Numerals and quantifiers
- 7 Pre-determiners
- Introduction
- 7.1. The universal quantifier al 'all' and its alternants
- 7.2. The pre-determiner heel 'all/whole'
- 7.3. A note on focus particles
- 7.4. Bibliographical notes
- 8 Syntactic uses of noun phrases
- Adjectives and Adjective Phrases
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- 2 Projection of adjective phrases I: Complementation
- 3 Projection of adjective phrases II: Modification
- 4 Projection of adjective phrases III: Comparison
- 5 Attributive use of the adjective phrase
- 6 Predicative use of the adjective phrase
- 7 The partitive genitive construction
- 8 Adverbial use of the adjective phrase
- 9 Participles and infinitives: their adjectival use
- 10 Special constructions
- Adpositions and adpositional phrases
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- Introduction
- 1.1. Characterization of the category adposition
- 1.2. A formal classification of adpositional phrases
- 1.3. A semantic classification of adpositional phrases
- 1.3.1. Spatial adpositions
- 1.3.2. Temporal adpositions
- 1.3.3. Non-spatial/temporal prepositions
- 1.4. Borderline cases
- 1.5. Bibliographical notes
- 2 Projection of adpositional phrases: Complementation
- 3 Projection of adpositional phrases: Modification
- 4 Syntactic uses of the adpositional phrase
- 5 R-pronominalization and R-words
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- Phonology
-
- General
- Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Phonotactics
- Phonological Processes
- Assimilation
- Vowel nasalization
- Syllabic sonorants
- Final devoicing
- Fake geminates
- Vowel hiatus resolution
- Vowel reduction introduction
- Schwa deletion
- Schwa insertion
- /r/-deletion
- d-insertion
- {s/z}-insertion
- t-deletion
- Intrusive stop formation
- Breaking
- Vowel shortening
- h-deletion
- Replacement of the glide w
- Word stress
- Clitics
- Allomorphy
- Orthography of Frisian
- Morphology
- Inflection
- Word formation
- Derivation
- Prefixation
- Infixation
- Suffixation
- Nominal suffixes
- Verbal suffixes
- Adjectival suffixes
- Adverbial suffixes
- Numeral suffixes
- Interjectional suffixes
- Onomastic suffixes
- Conversion
- Compositions
- Derivation
- Syntax
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Unergative and unaccusative subjects
- Evidentiality
- To-infinitival clauses
- Predication and noun incorporation
- Ellipsis
- Imperativus-pro-Infinitivo
- Expression of irrealis
- Embedded Verb Second
- Agreement
- Negation
- Nouns & Noun Phrases
- Classification
- Complementation
- Modification
- Partitive noun constructions
- Referential partitive constructions
- Partitive measure nouns
- Numeral partitive constructions
- Partitive question constructions
- Nominalised quantifiers
- Kind partitives
- Partitive predication with prepositions
- Bare nominal attributions
- Articles and names
- Pronouns
- Quantifiers and (pre)determiners
- Interrogative pronouns
- R-pronouns
- Syntactic uses
- Adjective Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification and degree quantification
- Comparison by degree
- Comparative
- Superlative
- Equative
- Attribution
- Agreement
- Attributive adjectives vs. prenominal elements
- Complex adjectives
- Noun ellipsis
- Co-occurring adjectives
- Predication
- Partitive adjective constructions
- Adverbial use
- Participles and infinitives
- Adposition Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification
- Intransitive adpositions
- Predication
- Preposition stranding
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
-
- General
- Morphology
- Morphology
- 1 Word formation
- 1.1 Compounding
- 1.1.1 Compounds and their heads
- 1.1.2 Special types of compounds
- 1.1.2.1 Affixoids
- 1.1.2.2 Coordinative compounds
- 1.1.2.3 Synthetic compounds and complex pseudo-participles
- 1.1.2.4 Reduplicative compounds
- 1.1.2.5 Phrase-based compounds
- 1.1.2.6 Elative compounds
- 1.1.2.7 Exocentric compounds
- 1.1.2.8 Linking elements
- 1.1.2.9 Separable Complex Verbs and Particle Verbs
- 1.1.2.10 Noun Incorporation Verbs
- 1.1.2.11 Gapping
- 1.2 Derivation
- 1.3 Minor patterns of word formation
- 1.1 Compounding
- 2 Inflection
- 1 Word formation
- Morphology
- Syntax
- Adjectives and adjective phrases (APs)
- 0 Introduction to the AP
- 1 Characteristics and classification of APs
- 2 Complementation of APs
- 3 Modification and degree quantification of APs
- 4 Comparison by comparative, superlative and equative
- 5 Attribution of APs
- 6 Predication of APs
- 7 The partitive adjective construction
- 8 Adverbial use of APs
- 9 Participles and infinitives as APs
- Nouns and Noun Phrases (NPs)
- 0 Introduction to the NP
- 1 Characteristics and Classification of NPs
- 2 Complementation of NPs
- 3 Modification of NPs
- 3.1 Modification of NP by Determiners and APs
- 3.2 Modification of NP by PP
- 3.3 Modification of NP by adverbial clauses
- 3.4 Modification of NP by possessors
- 3.5 Modification of NP by relative clauses
- 3.6 Modification of NP in a cleft construction
- 3.7 Free relative clauses and selected interrogative clauses
- 4 Partitive noun constructions and constructions related to them
- 4.1 The referential partitive construction
- 4.2 The partitive construction of abstract quantity
- 4.3 The numerical partitive construction
- 4.4 The partitive interrogative construction
- 4.5 Adjectival, nominal and nominalised partitive quantifiers
- 4.6 Kind partitives
- 4.7 Partitive predication with a preposition
- 4.8 Bare nominal attribution
- 5 Articles and names
- 6 Pronouns
- 7 Quantifiers, determiners and predeterminers
- 8 Interrogative pronouns
- 9 R-pronouns and the indefinite expletive
- 10 Syntactic functions of Noun Phrases
- Adpositions and Adpositional Phrases (PPs)
- 0 Introduction to the PP
- 1 Characteristics and classification of PPs
- 2 Complementation of PPs
- 3 Modification of PPs
- 4 Bare (intransitive) adpositions
- 5 Predication of PPs
- 6 Form and distribution of adpositions with respect to staticity and construction type
- 7 Adpositional complements and adverbials
- Verbs and Verb Phrases (VPs)
- 0 Introduction to the VP in Saterland Frisian
- 1 Characteristics and classification of verbs
- 2 Unergative and unaccusative subjects and the auxiliary of the perfect
- 3 Evidentiality in relation to perception and epistemicity
- 4 Types of to-infinitival constituents
- 5 Predication
- 5.1 The auxiliary of being and its selection restrictions
- 5.2 The auxiliary of going and its selection restrictions
- 5.3 The auxiliary of continuation and its selection restrictions
- 5.4 The auxiliary of coming and its selection restrictions
- 5.5 Modal auxiliaries and their selection restrictions
- 5.6 Auxiliaries of body posture and aspect and their selection restrictions
- 5.7 Transitive verbs of predication
- 5.8 The auxiliary of doing used as a semantically empty finite auxiliary
- 5.9 Supplementive predication
- 6 The verbal paradigm, irregularity and suppletion
- 7 Verb Second and the word order in main and embedded clauses
- 8 Various aspects of clause structure
- Adjectives and adjective phrases (APs)
-
- General
- Phonology
- Afrikaans phonology
- Segment inventory
- Overview of Afrikaans vowels
- The diphthongised long vowels /e/, /ø/ and /o/
- The unrounded mid-front vowel /ɛ/
- The unrounded low-central vowel /ɑ/
- The unrounded low-central vowel /a/
- The rounded mid-high back vowel /ɔ/
- The rounded high back vowel /u/
- The rounded and unrounded high front vowels /i/ and /y/
- The unrounded and rounded central vowels /ə/ and /œ/
- The diphthongs /əi/, /œy/ and /œu/
- Overview of Afrikaans consonants
- The bilabial plosives /p/ and /b/
- The alveolar plosives /t/ and /d/
- The velar plosives /k/ and /g/
- The bilabial nasal /m/
- The alveolar nasal /n/
- The velar nasal /ŋ/
- The trill /r/
- The lateral liquid /l/
- The alveolar fricative /s/
- The velar fricative /x/
- The labiodental fricatives /f/ and /v/
- The approximants /ɦ/, /j/ and /ʋ/
- Overview of Afrikaans vowels
- Word stress
- The phonetic properties of stress
- Primary stress on monomorphemic words in Afrikaans
- Background to primary stress in monomorphemes in Afrikaans
- Overview of the Main Stress Rule of Afrikaans
- The short vowels of Afrikaans
- Long vowels in monomorphemes
- Primary stress on diphthongs in monomorphemes
- Exceptions
- Stress shifts in place names
- Stress shift towards word-final position
- Stress pattern of reduplications
- Phonological processes
- Vowel related processes
- Consonant related processes
- Homorganic glide insertion
- Phonology-morphology interface
- Phonotactics
- Morphology
- Syntax
- Afrikaans syntax
- Nouns and noun phrases
- Characteristics of the NP
- Classification of nouns
- Complementation of NPs
- Modification of NPs
- Binominal and partitive constructions
- Referential partitive constructions
- Partitive measure nouns
- Numeral partitive constructions
- Partitive question constructions
- Partitive constructions with nominalised quantifiers
- Partitive predication with prepositions
- Binominal name constructions
- Binominal genitive constructions
- Bare nominal attribution
- Articles and names
- Pronouns
- Quantifiers, determiners and predeterminers
- Syntactic uses of the noun phrase
- Adjectives and adjective phrases
- Characteristics and classification of the AP
- Complementation of APs
- Modification and Degree Quantification of APs
- Comparison by comparative, superlative and equative degree
- Attribution of APs
- Predication of APs
- The partitive adjective construction
- Adverbial use of APs
- Participles and infinitives as adjectives
- Verbs and verb phrases
- Characterisation and classification
- Argument structure
- Verb frame alternations
- Complements of non-main verbs
- Verb clusters
- Complement clauses
- Adverbial modification
- Word order in the clause: Introduction
- Word order in the clause: position of the finite Verb
- Word order in the clause: Clause-initial position
- Word order in the clause: Extraposition and right-dislocation in the postverbal field
- Word order in the middle field
- Emphatic constructions
- Adpositions and adposition phrases
This section of Taalportaal is about the morphology of Afrikaans, with the following main sub-sections:
- Word formation: The two main word formation processes in Afrikaans are affixation (more narrowly also called derivation) and compounding, while conversion and subtraction (i.e. subtractive processes) also feature prominently in the morphology. The infrequent but productive process of univerbation is also discussed in this sub-section.
- List of affixes: The most productive, prominent, and/or interesting (unique) affixes of Afrikaans are presented in individual topics. While the aim of scope is width rather than depth, a select few affixes (like -baar and -ies) are discussed in more detail.
- Themes: A number of special themes in descriptive and theoretical morphology, and how it pertains (or could pertain) to Afrikaans, is introduced in this sub-section. These include:
- {UNDER CONSTRUCTION} Allomorphy, specifically the distinction between stem allomorphy and affix allomorphy.
- {UNDER CONSTRUCTION} Construction-dependent morphology, including discussions on the associative plural, and pseudo-participles.
- {UNDER CONSTRUCTION} Inflection, specifically whether it is at all possible or necessary to view inflection as a separate morphological process/category in Afrikaans.
- {UNDER CONSTRUCTION} Morphological networks, like the morphology of numerals and geospatial direction names, names for inhabitants of geographical entities, formation of person names, the morphology of terminology in the medical domain and in chemistry, negative and pejorative morphology, etc.
- {UNDER CONSTRUCTION} Morphology-phonology interface, with specific attention to the prosodic structure of compounds, and the relation between prosody and morphology.
- {UNDER CONSTRUCTION} Morphological productivity.
If modern linguistic morphology is a relatively young and small field of study internationally, then it is all the more true for Afrikaans. Combrink (1990:427-435) provided a comprehensive bibliography of all publications on Afrikaans morphology (or loosely related publications, excluding publications from computer linguistics) until July 1989. He listed a total of 213 publications, the oldest of which dates from 1932 and deals with the use of diminutive forms in Afrikaans (Hoge 1932).
Van Huyssteen (2017) noted that 49 publications on Afrikaans morphology appeared from 1990 to 2016, with a further thirteen related to Afrikaans computational morphology. A more correct and extended bibliography – covering the period from July 1989 to the present – can be found here. Also consult the Digital Bibliography of Afrikaans Linguistics for up-to-date references.
The two most important (and most comprehensive) publications on Afrikaans morphology are surely Willem Kempen's Samestelling, afleiding en woordsoortelike meerfunksionaliteit in Afrikaans (translated title: Composition, derivation and conversion in Afrikaans) (1969), and Johan Combrink's Afrikaanse morfologie: capita exemplaria (translated title: Afrikaans morphology: capita exemplaria (1990). These two works are the standard works on Afrikaans morphology, and also forms the foundation for all topics discussed on Taalportaal. The most recent overview of Afrikaans morphology is Van Huyssteen (2017).
In addition to the work of these authors, the contributions of the following Afrikaans morphologists/linguists can also serve as starting points for further study (in alphabetical order): Rudie Botha; Anna Coetzee; Jac Conradie; Gert de Klerk; Meyer de Villiers; Alf Jenkinson; Francois Odendal; Marthinus Posthumus.
While writing material for Taalportaal, all the authors tried to identify some essential and/or interesting research themes and topics for students and scholars. Here follows a few ideas on possible research questions/topics that could be addressed in Afrikaans morphology research in the foreseeable future.
- New descriptionsA large number of morphological constructions have yet to be described in Afrikaans. A few examples suffice:
- many affixes and affix families/cluster – their etymology, formal qualities, productivity, etc. – still need to be described in much more detail;
- constructions of degrees of comparison (see AWS-11, chapter 16 for a first attempt to formalise these constructions);
- derivations to form personal names and adjectives of domestic and foreign geographical names (for example, Amsterdam Amsterdam > Amsterdamm·er person from Amsterdam > Amsterdam·s related to Amsterdam) (see Van Huyssteen and Davel (2010) for some early computational explorations);
- polymorphemic constructions (for example, anti·koper·kabel·dief·stal·een·hed·e anti-copper cable theft units);
- the nature and development of affixoids;
- the systematics of subtractive processes (Coetzee 2000) in general and specifically in SMS language (Olivier 2013);
- the extent of univerbation in Afrikaans;
- the morphology of Afrikaans proper names, like first names and place names;
- and so on, and so on.
- Updating/revising existing descriptionsExisting descriptions can be revisited in order to test hypotheses on the basis of more comprehensive corpora available today, as well as some of the latest theoretical insights. For example:
- various affixes discussed by Kempen (1969) and Combrink (1990);
- the plural construction (see AWS-11, chapter 14 as a point of departure, but also, in chronological order, Sieberhagen (1949); De Klerk (1962); Combrink (1993); and Wissing (1996));
- the reduplication construction (see Van Huyssteen and Wissing 2007 and reference therein);
- the diminutive construction (see Coetzee and Kruger 2004 and references therein);
- attributive adjectives (see Kotzé 2009 and references therein, as well as the Taalportaal topic on attribution);
- interfixes (see Trollip 2016, and Trollip and Van Huyssteen 2018);
- participles (see Butler 2014);
- compounds with and derivations of multi-word proper names (for example Middellandse See-bootreis Mediterranean cruise'; see Van Huyssteen 2016);
- and so on, and so on.
- ThemesOf course, numerous new themes in morphology can also be explored, of which a few examples are listed below.
- The debate on the distinction between inflection and derivation in Afrikaans has not yet been decided. New insights from new theories and new data could reconsider and re-describe the views presented here on Taalportaal.
- There will probably be always numerous topics in compounding to explore further or in new depths. For example, the nature of and distinction between different types of subordinate compounds could be made clear, the occurrence of specific types of compounds must be described on the basis of corpus data, a classification based on part-of-speech categories need to be done, the role of metaphor and metonymy in the formation of compounds should be investigated, and so on. Also, the distinction between parasynthetic compounding, compositional compounding, and separable complex verbs should be made clearer, preferably by means of corpus data. Theoretical insights from, for example, construction morphology could contribute to more clearly explaining and modelling these distinctions.
- Comparative and contrastive descriptions with Dutch and other Germanic languages are also fruitful areas for research. For example, it can be described how Afrikaans and Dutch compounds differ and why, or to what extent, Germanic languages have more or less subtractive phenomena, or the use of different types of constructions in different languages to express aspect, for example. Such types of research will provide insight into the grammaticalisation or lexicalisation of particular constructions in the respective languages, which in turn may provide insight into the development and change of language in general.
- Computational modelling of many morphological processes could also bring new insights to the description of such processes. For example:
- Much can be done to model the semantic relationships in different types of compounds (for example, the difference between eet+kamer+tafel eat+room+table dining table, kombuis+tafel kitchen+table kitchen table, and hout+tafel wood+table wooden table).
- Simulation of affixation in general, but also specific affixation processes (for example, person name formers), could not only provide insight into morphological information storage and processing, but could also be a valuable resource for linguistic descriptions.
- Afrikaans still lacks a complete morphological analyser. An affix database (also known as a derivational database, similar to the well-known English, German and Dutch CELEX database, or the multilingual DeriNet), a compounding database (like CompoNet), and other similar resources could be of great value towards developing such an analyser.
- Very little psycholinguistic research has been done in and about Afrikaans (and specifically Afrikaans morphology). By following in the footsteps of Dutch researchers, interesting comparative studies can be done on the interfix, or on plural formation in Afrikaans. The psycholinguistic links between morphology and spelling (such as, for example, the influence on conceptualisation of the orthographic tradition in Afrikaans to style compounds as one word) could also be explored. For example, psycholinguistic research could also establish what the cognitive reality (or not) of schemas is, which can eventually provide more insight into memory and the human processing of language in general.
- Sociolinguistic research on variation in Afrikaans morphology is by and large restricted to small sections in sociolinguistic publications on the varieties of Afrikaans. First order of business could be to do a literature survey of existing knowledge on variation in Afrikaans morphology, which could then lead to data-driven projects that would provide a better understanding of the spread of variety in the Afrikaans community.
See the extensive section on morphology on the page about notations and symbols for presenting examples.
Also see this page regarding abbreviations used in glosses, and abbreviations for dictionaries, corpora, etc.
- 2014Die deelwoord in Afrikaans: perspektiewe vanuit 'n kognitiewe gebruiksgebaseerde beskrywingsraamwerk.Thesis
- 2004Die Afikaanse verkleinwoord 1: 'n morfo-semantiese grammatika.Tydskrif vir Taalonderrig = Journal for Language Teaching38316-352,
- 2000Reduksieprosesse: produktiewe woordvormingsmiddele in Afrikaans.Tydskrif vir Taalonderrig = Journal for Language Teaching34311-322,
- 1990Afrikaanse morfologie: capita exemplaria.Academica
- 1990Afrikaanse morfologie: capita exemplaria.Academica
- 1990Afrikaanse morfologie: capita exemplaria.Academica
- 1993Wisselvorme in die meervoud.
- 1962Meervoudsvorming in Afrikaans as 'n linguistiese kategorie.Thesis
- 1932Ondersoekings oor die gebruik van die verkleinwoord in Afrikaans.ReeksNasionale Pers
- 1969Samestelling, afleiding en woordsoortelike meerfunksionaliteit in Afrikaans.Nasou
- 1969Samestelling, afleiding en woordsoortelike meerfunksionaliteit in Afrikaans.Nasou
- 2009Adjektiwiese verbuiging in Afrikaans herbesoek.Bundels
- 2013Die mate van konsekwentheid in SMS-Afrikaans.
- 1949Die meervoudsvorming in Afrikaans: beskrywend en verklarend.Thesis
- 2016n Beskrywing van die valensiemorfeem in Afrikaans vanuit 'n kognitiewe gebruiksgebaseerde beskrywingsraamwerk.Thesis
- 2018The linking morpheme in Afrikaans: a Cognitive Grammar description.SKASE Journal of Theoretical Linguistics1537-68,
- 2016Die ortografiese realisering van komposita met en afleidings van multiwoordeiename.
- 2017Morfologie.(In Carstens, W.A.M. & Bosman, N.., reds. Kontemporêre Afrikaanse taalkunde. Pretoria : Van Schaik. 2de uitg., p. 177-214.)Van Schaik
- 2017Morfologie.(In Carstens, W.A.M. & Bosman, N.., reds. Kontemporêre Afrikaanse taalkunde. Pretoria : Van Schaik. 2de uitg., p. 177-214.)Van Schaik
- 2010Learning rules and categorization networks for language standardization.Bundels
- 2007Datagebaseerde aspekte van Afrikaanse reduplikasies. [Databased aspects of Afrikaans reduplications.]Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies25419-439,
- 1996Meervoudsvorme in Afrikaans: 25 jaar later.South African Journal of Linguistics = Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Taalkunde. Supplement 311495-112,
- 1928Die sprachgeschichtliche Entwickelung des Deflexionstypus im Afrikaans.Rheinische Friedrich- Wilhelms-Universität