Dutch has a number of verbs whose inflection is partly or completely irregular, especially in the formation of the past tense. Only very few verbs are irregular in the present tense. As in many languages, the forms of the verbs for to be (zijn) and to have (hebben) are among the most irregular. Then there are some other auxiliary verbs (e.g. kunnencan and willenwant), and a few monosyllabic verbs (doendo, gaango, slaanhitstaanstand, ziensee).The largest group of irregular verbs consists of ca. 200 so-called "strong" verbs, a number of them highly frequent, with irregular formation of past tense and/or past participle, with certain subregularities that can be traced back to the Germanic ablaut system.
Remember that Dutch inflection is stem-based, suffixal. In regularly inflected verbs, there are three forms for the present tense (e.g. hopenhope has hoopstem: 1SG, 2SG (inv), imperative, hooptstem+t: 2SG, 3SG and hopenstem+en: PL) and two for the past (hoopteSG and hooptenPL); the infinitive has the same form as the present plural (hopen), the present participle is formed by adding /d/ to the infinitive (hopend), and the past participle is derived from the past by means of the prefix ge- and the suffix -d/t (ge-hoop-t).
As in many languages across the world, the forms of the verbs for to be (zijn) and to havehebben are among the most irregular. Their conjugational paradigms are given below:
function | zijn | hebben |
Present tense | ||
1SG | ben | heb |
2SG | bent | hebt |
2SG inv | ben | heb |
3SG | is | heeft |
PL | zijn | hebben |
Past tense | ||
SG | was | had |
PL | waren | hadden |
Past participle | ||
geweest | gehad |
Zijnbe is the only Dutch verb that has an imperative form that is not identical to the verb stem, viz. wees (pl weest) rather than *ben. The present participle, on the other hand, is regular: infinitive plus d(e): zijnd(e)be-ing just like hebbend(e)have-ing. The (obsolete) subjunctive is irregular in the case of zijn as well: u zij de gloriethine be the glory. In the case of the polite 2SG pronoun uyou, thou one finds both second and third person forms:
u bent bang | you are.2SG afraid | you are afraid |
bent u bang? | are.2SG you afraid | are you afraid |
u is bang | you are.3SG afraid | you are afraid |
is u bang? | are.3SG you afraid | are you afraid |
u hebt honger | you have.2SG hunger | you are hungry |
hebt u honger? | have.2SG you hunger | are you hungry |
u heeft honger | you have.3SG hunger | you are hungry |
heeft u honger? | have.3SG you hunger | are you hungry |
The variants without /t/ (ben u bang ?are.2SG you afraidyou are afraid, heb u honger?have.2SG you hungerare you hungry) feel very colloquial, whereas hij heb is considered vulgar. See Postma (1993) on why these forms may have developed in the first place.
Four more simplex verbs show irregular inflection in the present tense, viz. the modal verbs mogenmay, kunnencan, zullenshall and willenwant. The following table gives an overview.
function | mogen | kunnen | zullen | willen |
Present tense | ||||
1SG | mag | kan | zal | wil |
2SG | mag | kan/kunt | zal/zult | wil/wilt |
2SG inv | mag | kan/kun | zal/zul | wil |
3SG | mag | kan | zal | wil |
PL | mogen | kunnen | zullen | willen |
Past tense | ||||
SG | mocht | kon | zou | wou/wilde |
PL | mochten | konden | zouden | wilde/wou(d)en |
Past participle | ||||
gemogen | gekund | * | gewild |
Theoretically, the past participle of the verb zullen is *gezuld, but for grammatical reasons (IPP) it is never used.
The subjunctive mogemay survives in various fixed constructions, usually with an optative meaning, e.g. moge de beste winnenmay the best win. Mocht(en) and moest(en) (the latter especially in Belgium) can also be used as heads of conditional constructions: Mocht u nog vragen/ opmerkingen hebben aarzelt u dan niet contact met ons op te nemenMight you yet questions/remarks have hesitate you then not contact with us up to takeIf you have any questions or remarks, please do not hesitate to contact us and Moesten we niet zo'n super onthaalmoeder hebben, dan moest één van ons twee thuisblijvenMust we not such-a super reception-mother have, then must one of us two home-stauIf we hadn'd had such a fantastic nanny, one of us had to stay home.
The past tense of zullen is used in various modal constructions, for example wat zou jij doenwhat would you do (hypothetical), bij het verkeersongeluk zouden vier slachtoffers gevallen zijnat the traffic-accident would four victims fallen be(as far as we know now) the traffic accident caused four casualties (evidential) and jij zou toch voor de drank zorgenyou would yet for the drink carewe thought you had agreed to take care of the booze (counterfactual).
Apart from zijnbe, which was dealt with above, Dutch has five monosyllabic verb stems ending in a vowel: gago, stastand, slahit, doedo and ziesee. Their inflections are given in the table below.
function | gaan | staan | slaan | doen | zien |
Present tense | |||||
1SG | ga | sta | sla | doe | zie |
2SG | gaat | staat | slaat | doet | ziet |
2SG inv | ga | sta | sla | doe | zie |
3SG | gaat | staat | slaat | doet | ziet |
PL | gaan | staan | slaan | doen | zien |
Past tense | |||||
SG | ging | stond | sloeg | deed | zag |
PL | gingen | stonden | sloegen | deden | zagen |
Past participle | |||||
gegaan | gestaan | geslagen | gedaan | gezien |
Dutch has a group of irregular verbs consisting of ca. 200 so-called "strong" verb stems, a number of them higly frequent, with irregular formation of past tense and/or past participle, with certain subregularities that can be traced back to the Germanic ablaut system.
Booij (2002: 59) notes: "the terms 'regular' and irregular are not fully adequate [...], since these terms suggest that there is no regularity whatsoever involved in stem-alternating verbs. [...] One might therefore prefer the historical terms weak and strong verbs: weak verbs form their past tense by means of suffixation, strong (or ablauting) verbs form their past tense stems by means of vowel alternation. The problem for this latter classification is that there are also irregular verbs that do not fit into the historical class of ablauting verbs, because they have more complex stem alternations in which consonants also play a role. Therefore, the best distinction is that between suffixing verbs (the default class), and stem-alternation verbs.
Traditionally, a number of classes is distinguished (see Wikipedia):
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Class one (most frequent): /ɛi/ - /eː/ - /eː/ - /eː/, for example kijken - keek - keken - gekekenlook.
[hide extra information]xVerb stems involved:
Example 2
benijden - beneed - beneden - beneden envy bezwijken - bezweek - bezweken - bezweken succumb, yield bijten - beet - beten - gebeten bite blijken - bleek - bleken - gebleken become clear blijven - bleef - bleven - gebleven stay drijven - dreef - dreven - gedreven float glijden - gleed -gleden - gegleden slide, glide grijpen - greep - grepen - gegrepen grab hijsen - hees - hesen - gehesen hoist kijken - keek - keken - gekeken look knijpen - kneep - knepen - geknepen pinch krijgen - kreeg - kregen - gekregen get krijsen - krees - kresen - gekresen cry krijten - kreet - kreten - gekreten cry kwijten - kweet - kweten - gekweten pay, discharge lijden - leed - leden - geleden suffer lijken - leek - leken - geleken seem mijden - meed - meden - gemeden avoid nijgen - neeg - negen - genegen bow prijzen - prees - prezen - geprezen praise rijden - reed - reden - gereden drive rijgen - reeg - regen - geregen string rijten - reet - reten - gereten tear rijzen - rees - rezen - gerezen rise schijnen - scheen - schenen - geschenen seem schijten - scheet - scheten - gescheten shit schrijden - schreed - schreden - geschreden stride schrijven - schreef - schreven - geschreven write slijpen - sleep - slepen - geslepen sharpen slijten - sleet - sleten - gesleten wear out, wear down smijten - smeet - smeten - gesmeten throw snijden - sneed - sneden - gesneden cut spijten - speet - speten - gespeten remorse splijten - spleet - spleten - gespleten split stijgen - steeg - stegen - gestegen rise strijden - streed - streden - gestreden fight strijken - streek - streken - gestreken iron, bow vrijen - vree - vreeën - gevreeën make love wijken - week - weken - geweken give way wijten - weet - weten - geweten blame wijzen - wees - wezen - gewezen point wrijven - wreef - wreven - gewreven rub zijgen - zeeg - zegen - gezegen strain zwijgen - zweeg - zwegen - gezwegen remain silent Note: krijsen krees gekresencry, krijten kreet gekretencry, zijgen zeeg gezegen are obsolete, krijsen can also get weak forms (krijste, gekrijst)), vrijen has a weak preterite (vrijde) as well.
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Class two: /i/ - /oː/ - /oː/ - /oː/, for example bieden - bood - boden - gebodenoffer, bid, and /œy/ - /oː/ - /oː/ - /oː/, for example stuiven - stoof - stoven - gestovenbe dusty.
[hide extra information]xVerb stems involved:
Example 3
bedriegen - bedroog - bedrogen - bedrogen deceive bieden - bood - boden - geboden offer, bid buigen - boog - bogen - gebogen bend druipen - droop - dropen - gedropen drip duiken - dook - doken - gedoken duck, dive fluiten - floot - floten - gefloten whistle genieten - genoot - genoten - genoten enjoy gieten - goot - goten - gegoten pour kiezen - koos - kozen - gekozen choose kluiven - kloof - kloven - gekloven gnaw kruipen - kroop - kropen - gekropen creep, crawl liegen - loog - logen - gelogen lie luiken - look - loken - geloken close pluizen - ploos - plozen - geplozen fluff schieten - schoot - schoten - geschoten shoot schuilen - school - scholen - gescholen shelter schuiven - schoof - schoven - geschoven shift sluipen - sloop - slopen - geslopen steal sluiten - sloot - sloten - gesloten lock, close snuiten - snoot - snoten - gesnoten snuff, blow snuiven - snoof - snoven - gesnoven sniff spruiten - sproot - sproten - gesproten sprout spuiten - spoot - spoten - gespoten squirt stuiven - stoof - stoven - gestoven be dusty verliezen - verloor - verloren - verloren loose vlieden - vlood - vloden - gevloden flee, fly vliegen - vloog - vlogen - gevlogen fly vlieten - vloot - vloten - gevloten flow vriezen - vroor - vroren - gevroren freeze wuiven - woof - woven - gewoven wave zieden - zood - gezoden boil zuigen - zoog - zogen - gezogen suck zuipen - zoop - zopen - gezopen booze zweren - zwoor - zworen - gezworen ulcerate, fester Notes: luiken look gelokenclose, zieden zood gezodenboil (also pret. ziedde) and vlieten vloot gevlotenflow are obsolete.
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Class three (second largest). There are two subclasses: /ɪ/ - /ɔ/ - /ɔ/ - /ɔ/, for example klimmen - klom - klommen - geklommenclimb, and /ɛ/ - /ɔ/ - /ɔ/ - /ɔ/, for example zenden - zond - zonden - gezondensend.
[hide extra information]xVerb stems involved:
Example 4
beginnen - begon - begonnen - begonnen begin bergen - borg - borgen - geborgen store delven - dolf - dolven - gedolven dig dingen - dong - dongen - gedongen compete dringen - drong - drongen - gedrongen push, hustle dwingen - dwong - dwongen - gedwongen force klimmen - klom - klommen - geklommen climb schenken - schonk - schonken - geschonken pour, give springen - sprong - sprongen - gesprongen jump stinken - stonk - stonken - gestonken stink treffen - trof - troffen - getroffen hit trekken - trok - trokken - getrokken pull vechten - vocht - vochten - gevochten fight winnen - won -wonnen - gewonnen win zenden - zond - zonden - gezonden send zinken - zonk - zonken - gezonken sink zwellen - zwol - zwollen - gezwollen swell zwemmen - zwom - zwommen - gezwommen swim Notes: bergensalvage is mixed: bergde, geborgen.
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Class four: /eː/ - /ɑ/ - /aː/ - /oː/, for example breken - brak - braken - gebrokenbreak.
[hide extra information]xVerb stems involved:
Example 5
bevelen - beval - bevalen - bevolen command breken - brak - braken - gebroken break nemen - nam - namen - genomen take spreken - sprak - spraken - gesproken speak steken - stak - staken - gestoken stab Notes: one also finds beveelde(n) rather than beval, bevalen.
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Class five: /eː/ - /ɑ/ - /aː/ - /eː/, for example: geven - gaf - gaven - gegevengive, and /ɪ/ - /ɑ/ - /aː/ - /eː/, for example: zitten - zat - zaten - gezetensit.
[hide extra information]xVerb stems involved:
Example 6
bidden - bad - baden - gebeden pray eten - at - aten - gegeten eat genezen - genas - genazen - genezen heal geven - gaf -gaven - gegeven give lezen - las - lazen - gelezen read liggen - lag - lagen - gelegen lie meten - mat - maten - gemeten measure treden - trad - traden - getreden tread vreten - vrat - vraten - gevreten eat zitten - zat - zaten - gezeten sit Notes: vreten vrat gevroteneat is heard as well.
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Class six: /aː/ - /u/ - /u/ - /aː/, for example: dragen - droeg - droegen - gedragencarry.
[hide extra information]xVerb stems involved:
Example 7
dragen - droeg - droegen - gedragen carry graven - groef - groeven - gegraven dig varen - voer - voeren - gevaren sail -
Class seven: * - /i/ - /i/ - *, for example roepen - riep - riepen - geroepencry, and * - /ɪ/ - /ɪ/ - *, for example vangen - ving - vingen - gevangencatch. In every verb, the vowel denoted * is the same in both cases.
[hide extra information]xThe seventh class was originally a collection of verbs from the other six classes that exhibited reduplication. Consequently, the sound of the present tense can vary but it is always the same as that of the past participle. There are two variations: * - /i/ - /i/ - *, for example roepen - riep - riepen - geroepencry, and * - /ɪ/ - /ɪ/ - *, for example vangen - ving - vingen - gevangencatch.
In every verb, the vowel denoted * is the same in both cases.
Verb stems involved:
Example 8
blazen - blies - bliezen - geblazen blow hangen - hing - hingen - gehangen hang houwen - hieuw - hieuwen - gehouwen hew laten - liet - lieten - gelaten let lopen - liep - liepen - gelopen walk raden - ried - rieden - geraden advise, guess roepen - riep - riepen - geroepen cry slapen - sliep - sliepen - geslapen sleep stoten - stiet - stieten - gestoten push vallen - viel - vielen - gevallen fall vangen - ving - vingen - gevangen catch wassen - wies - wiesen - gewassen grow Notes: wassengrow is obsolete, except for certain idiomatic expressions; wassenwash is mixed: waste, gewassen.
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Rest class: This category is for Dutch strong verbs that do not fit into any of the 7 classes, yet are still purely strong (that is, they have a different vowel in the past tense and have a past participle in -en).
[hide extra information]xVerb stems involved:
Example 9
heffen - hief - hieven - geheven raise helpen - hielp - hielpen - geholpen help scheppen - schiep - schiepen - geschapen create scheren - schoor - schoren - geschoren shave sterven - stierf -stierven - gestorven die uitscheiden - scheed uit - scheden uit - uitgescheden stop verwerven - verwierf - verwierven - verworven obtain wegen - woog - wogen - gewogen weigh werpen (wierp - wierpen - geworpen) throw worden (werd - werden - geworden) become zeiken (zeek - zeken - gezeken) piss zweren (zwoer - zwoeren - gezworen) swear zwerven (zwierf - zwierven - gezworven) wander Notes: one finds ook regular scheerde, rather than schoor, and the past tense forms of uitscheiden are often avoided. uitscheidensecrete is regular (scheidde uit, uitgescheiden).
Partially strong verbs show a combination of weak and strong declension: either the preterite is weak (i.e. in -de/-te) and the participle is strong (i.e. in -en), e.g. bakken - bakte - bakten - gebakkenbake or the preterite is strong (ablaut) and the participle is weak (i.e. in -d/-t), e.g. vragen - vroeg - vroegen - gevraagdask.
- strong participle (in -en) without ablaut, regular preterite (with -de or -te), e.g. bakken - bakte - gebakkenbake.
Verbs involved:
bakken - bakte - gebakken | bake |
bannen - bande - gebannen | put under a ban |
barsten - barstte - gebarsten | burst, crack |
braden - braadde - gebraden | roast, broil, fry |
brouwen - brouwde - gebrouwen | brew |
heten - heette - geheten | be called |
hoeven - hoefde - gehoeven | need |
lachen - lachte - gelachen | laugh |
laden - laadde - geladen | load |
malen - maalde - gemalen | grind |
scheiden - scheidde - gescheiden | split |
spannen - spande - gespannen | stretch, tighten |
verbannen - verbande - verbannen | exile, banish |
vouwen - vouwde - gevouwen | ply |
wassen - waste - gewassen | wash |
weven - weefde geweven | wave |
zouten - zoutte gezouten | salt |
Notes: the compound verbs glimlachensmile, grijnslachengrim, and schaterlachenroar with laughter have weak participles in -lacht, e.g. geglimlachtsmiled.
The preterite form loech with lachenlaugh is obsolete.
- strong participle (in -en) with ablaut, regular preterite (with -de or -te), e.g. strong participle (in -en) with ablaut, e.g wreken - wreekte - gewrokenrevenge.
Verbs involved:
wreken - wreekte - gewroken | revenge |
zieden - ziedde - gezoden | boil |
Notes: zieden (obsolete) is also found with a strong preterite zood.
- with strong preterite (with ablaut) and weak participle (in -de or -te):
Verbs involved:
jagen - joeg - gejaagd | hunt |
klagen - kloeg - geklaagd | complain |
vragen - vroeg - gevraagd | ask |
waaien - woei - gewaaid | blow |
Notes: nowadays, regular klaagde is more popular than kloeg, and woei is threatened by regular waaide.
- with irregular preterite with vowel change zeggen (zei - gezegd)say
- with changes in vowels and consonants, e.g. eten - at - aten - gegeteneat
Verbs involved:
bezoeken - bezocht - bezocht | visit |
brengen - bracht - gebracht | bring |
denken - dacht - gedacht | think |
doen - deed - gedaan | do |
dunken - docht - gedocht | think, seem |
durven - durfde/dorst - gedurfd | dare |
eten - at - aten - gegeten | eat |
gaan - ging - gegaan | go |
heffen - hief - geheven | lift |
houden - hield - gehouden | hold, keep |
komen - kwam - kwamen - gekomen | come |
kopen - kocht - gekocht | buy |
moeten - moest - gemoeten | must |
plegen - placht | use to |
slaan - sloeg - geslagen | hit |
staan - stond - gestaan | stand |
verliezen - verloor - verloren | lose |
verstaan - verstond - verstaan | understand |
vriezen - vroor - gevroren | freeze |
wrocht, gewrocht | work, bring about |
weten - wist - geweten | know |
zien - zag - zagen - gezien | see |
zoeken - zocht - gezocht | seek |
Notes: plegen has no past participle (but it must have been geplogen, given the old-fashioned drived noun geplogenhedenhabits)
wrocht, gewrochtwork, bring about have no current present tense forms
Given the language's tendency towards systemisation, the "system" of strong verbs is under threat at least since it was first described by (Ten Kate in 1723. Certain verbs that were strong in Ten Kate's time have become weak, that is, more regular. However, frequent verbs tend to retain their irregularities (Van Haeringen 1940), whereas language users become more uncertain if the verbs involved are less frequent (Van Santen 1997). Moreover, other verbs that were weak historically have become strong, probably through analogy (Salverda 2006).
In all verbs but one (viz. irregular weesbe! of zijn), the imperative is formally identical to the stem: gago, werk hardwork hard, vergeet je oude moeder nietdon’t forget your old mother. The plural form of the imperative is obsolete, it is formed with the suffix –t: werkt hard!work hard. It is rather often found in writing, especially with stems ending in /d/, where one cannot hear the difference, as in the internet example Waardeer jezelf en wordt gelukkig in je relatievalue yourself and become happy in your relationship: note that the writer uses the singular form in waardeer, where one does hear the difference with the plural form. The verb zijnbe has a special imperative form, viz. wees (pl. weest). Certain verbs, such as the modals, do not have an imperative form, others only in certain usage patterns or meanings, e.g. hebhave cannot be used imperatively in the meaning ‘possess’ (*heb een boekpossess a book) but it can in more idiomatic uses and/or when heb is a light verb: heb meelijhave pity. In the case of the modals the reason cannot be purely semantic, as French has an imperative of veuillerwant in veuillez patienterwant.2PL.IMP.PRS wait.INFplease wait. Dutch has a past tense imperative (had me gebeldhad me calledyou should have called me!(Duinhoven A.M. 2001: 163)), therefore, the “normal” imperative must be considered present tense.
- 2002The morphology of DutchOxfordOxford University Press
- 2001Analyse en synthese in het Nederlands Van Gorcum
- 1940De taaie levenskracht van het sterke werkwoordDe Nieuwe Taalgids34241-255
- 1723Aenleiding tot de kennisse van het verhevene deel der Nederduitsche sprake. Eerste deelUitgeverij Canaletto / Repro-Holland BV, Alphen aan den Rijn 2001
- 1993Jij kan en hij heb - over structuurbehoud van analogische taalveranderingen TABU23115-127
- 2006Over de sterke werkwoorden in het Nederlands, Engels en DuitsNederlands tussen Duits en Engels: Handelingen van de workshop op 30 september en 1 oktober 2005 aan de Freie Universität BerlinLeiden163-182
- 1997Hoe sterk zijn de sterke werkwoordenTaal in tijd en ruimteSNL45-56
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[72%] Frisian > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases
- Verb agreement paradigm and homophony
[71%] Frisian > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases > Agreement
- Constructions with verbs and verb clusters
[70%] Frisian > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases > Characteristics and classification
- The past imperative as the expression of the irrealis
[69%] Frisian > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases > Expression of irrealis
- The third construction
[69%] Frisian > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases > To-infinitival clauses > Verbal to-infinitives
- Mood
[74%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Verb Phrases > Characterization and classification
- Verb Phrase Introduction
[73%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Verb Phrases > Characterization and classification
- Formation: Morphological
[73%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Adjective Phrases > Comparison by comparative, superlative and equative degree > Comparative
- Tense
[73%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Verb Phrases > Characterization and classification
- Inflection and derivation
[73%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Verb Phrases > Characterization and classification
