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    Verbs of indirect perception
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    Some verbs imply perception without being derived from a verb of perception, by providing an evaluative judgment about an object or a state of affairs. An example is given below:

    1
    De spjirren bylkje moai mei har frisse kleuren
    the pines shine beautiful with their fresh colours
    The pines provide a beautiful picture with their fresh colours

    Such verbs may also be used as evidentials:

    2
    Syn wurden bylkje moai
    his words shine beautiful
    His words are beautiful from the outside

    Evidential verbs of indirect perception are all intransitive: a Noun Phrase (NP) bearing the role of theme occurs in the subject position. These constructions can be analysed as copular constructions requiring an evaluative adjective.

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    Some verbs imply perception without being derived from a verb of perception, by providing an evaluative judgment about an object or a state of affairs. The perception implied may be visual or auditory, but the visual or auditory aspect is not present in the actual evidential usage of the verb. The evaluative judgment is expressed in an Adjective Phrase (AP). The verb itself may carry a positive evaluative meaning in case an evaluative AP is absent, but this is a matter of lexical idiosyncrasy. A minimal pair is provided below:

    3
    a. De spjirren bylkje moai mei har frisse kleuren
    the pines shine beautiful with their fresh colours
    The pines provide a beautiful picture with their fresh colours
    b. De spjirren bylkje mei har frisse kleuren
    the pines shine with their fresh colours
    The pines shine a beautiful picture with their fresh colours

    This verb implies or entails visual perception rather than asserting it. The verb itself presumably derives from the noun byld image. The visual aspect may be completely absent, as in the following example:

    4
    Syn wurden bylkje tige
    his words shine quite
    He uses big words

    The verb tekenje, which literally means draw, can come to mean point to or become (chiefly) visible, so it is also a verb implying perception. An example of this verb is provided in (5), in which negation is used to assert the incorrectness of an evaluation. Furthermore, the evaluation is not ethical or esthetic, but qualitative. Correspondingly, the evaluation itself is not expressed as an AP, but as an NP:

    5
    Dat tekenet gjin weemoed
    that draws no melancholy
    That does not point to melancholy

    This sentence does not have a passive equivalent:

    6
    *Gjin weemoed is dêrtroch tekene
    no melancholy is R.by pointed.to
    No melancholy is pointed to

    The verb is only exceptionally accompanied by an evaluative AP, as in the first example below, or by a non-evaluative, qualitative AP, as in the second example:

    7
    a. Nammers it tekenet no al net min
    for it draws now already not bad
    For things are beginning to look well
    b. Sa'n dei oft alles sterker ropt en skerper tekenet
    such.a day as.if everything louder calls and sharper draws
    Such a day as if all things call out more loudly and are more strongly visible

    The verb wize point is likewise an evidential verb which implies perception. The perception implied may, but need not be visual:

    8
    Wat se earder seinen, dat wiisde al oars
    what they earlier said that pointed DcP different
    That is different from what they said earlier

    A verb of indirect perception can also be auditory in origin, as in the case of hjitte or hite be called, command, promise, which is shown below:

    9
    Mar mei de boerinne hjitte it raar, doe't har soan oppakt wie
    but with the farmer's.wife was.called it extreme when her son arrested was
    But the farmer's wife was terribly upset, when her son had been arrested

    The same applies to sizze say:

    10
    Wigle hie kerbyt, soks sei bêst
    Wigle had carbid such said best
    Wigle had carbid, which was a telling prospect

    The following example involves a reflexive construction:

    11
    It waar jout him goed oan
    the weather gives him good to
    The weather looks promising
    References
      About this article
      Author(s): Eric Hoekstra
      Category: Frisian Syntax
      Keywords: indirect perceptionevidential
      Version: 1.0, December 2015
      Version history:
      version editor(s) date remarks
      1.0 Eric Hoekstra December 2015
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