- Dutch
- Frisian
- Afrikaans
- Dutch
- Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Phonotactics
- Phonological processes
- Phonology-morphology interface
- Word stress
- Primary stress in simplex words
- Monomorphemic words
- Diachronic aspects
- Generalizations on stress placement
- Default penultimate stress
- Lexical stress
- The closed penult restriction
- Final closed syllables
- The diphthong restriction
- Superheavy syllables (SHS)
- The three-syllable window
- Segmental restrictions
- Phonetic correlates
- Stress shifts in loanwords
- Quantity-sensitivity
- Secondary stress
- Vowel reduction in unstressed syllables
- Stress in complex words
- Primary stress in simplex words
- Accent & intonation
- Clitics
- Spelling
- Morphology
- Word formation
- Compounding
- Nominal compounds
- Verbal compounds
- Adjectival compounds
- Affixoids
- Coordinative compounds
- Synthetic compounds
- Reduplicative compounds
- Phrase-based compounds
- Elative compounds
- Exocentric compounds
- Linking elements
- Separable complex verbs (SCVs)
- Gapping of complex words
- Particle verbs
- Copulative compounds
- Derivation
- Numerals
- Derivation: inputs and input restrictions
- The meaning of affixes
- Non-native morphology
- Cohering and non-cohering affixes
- Prefixation
- Suffixation
- Nominal suffixation: person nouns
- Conversion
- Pseudo-participles
- Bound forms
- Nouns
- Nominal prefixes
- Nominal suffixes
- -aal and -eel
- -aar
- -aard
- -aat
- -air
- -aris
- -ast
- Diminutives
- -dom
- -een
- -ees
- -el (nominal)
- -elaar
- -enis
- -er (nominal)
- -erd
- -erik
- -es
- -eur
- -euse
- ge...te
- -heid
- -iaan, -aan
- -ief
- -iek
- -ier
- -ier (French)
- -ière
- -iet
- -igheid
- -ij and allomorphs
- -ijn
- -in
- -ing
- -isme
- -ist
- -iteit
- -ling
- -oir
- -oot
- -rice
- -schap
- -schap (de)
- -schap (het)
- -sel
- -st
- -ster
- -t
- -tal
- -te
- -voud
- Verbs
- Adjectives
- Adverbs
- Univerbation
- Neo-classical word formation
- Construction-dependent morphology
- Morphological productivity
- Compounding
- Inflection
- Inflection and derivation
- Allomorphy
- The interface between phonology and morphology
- Word formation
- Syntax
- Preface and acknowledgements
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- 1 Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of verb phrases I:Argument structure
- 3 Projection of verb phrases II:Verb frame alternations
- Introduction
- 3.1. Main types
- 3.2. Alternations involving the external argument
- 3.3. Alternations of noun phrases and PPs
- 3.3.1. Dative/PP alternations (dative shift)
- 3.3.1.1. Dative alternation with aan-phrases (recipients)
- 3.3.1.2. Dative alternation with naar-phrases (goals)
- 3.3.1.3. Dative alternation with van-phrases (sources)
- 3.3.1.4. Dative alternation with bij-phrases (possessors)
- 3.3.1.5. Dative alternation with voor-phrases (benefactives)
- 3.3.1.6. Conclusion
- 3.3.1.7. Bibliographical notes
- 3.3.2. Accusative/PP alternations
- 3.3.3. Nominative/PP alternations
- 3.3.1. Dative/PP alternations (dative shift)
- 3.4. Some apparent cases of verb frame alternation
- 3.5. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of verb phrases IIIa:Selection of clauses/verb phrases
- 5 Projection of verb phrases IIIb:Argument and complementive clauses
- Introduction
- 5.1. Finite argument clauses
- 5.2. Infinitival argument clauses
- 5.3. Complementive clauses
- 6 Projection of verb phrases IIIc:Complements of non-main verbs
- 7 Projection of verb phrases IIId:Verb clusters
- 8 Projection of verb phrases IV: Adverbial modification
- 9 Word order in the clause I:General introduction
- 10 Word order in the clause II:Position of the finite verb (verb-first/second)
- 11 Word order in the clause III:Clause-initial position (wh-movement)
- Introduction
- 11.1. The formation of V1- and V2-clauses
- 11.2. Clause-initial position remains (phonetically) empty
- 11.3. Clause-initial position is filled
- 12 Word order in the clause IV:Postverbal field (extraposition)
- 13 Word order in the clause V: Middle field (scrambling)
- 14 Main-clause external elements
- Nouns and Noun Phrases
- 1 Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of noun phrases I: complementation
- Introduction
- 2.1. General observations
- 2.2. Prepositional and nominal complements
- 2.3. Clausal complements
- 2.4. Bibliographical notes
- 3 Projection of noun phrases II: modification
- Introduction
- 3.1. Restrictive and non-restrictive modifiers
- 3.2. Premodification
- 3.3. Postmodification
- 3.3.1. Adpositional phrases
- 3.3.2. Relative clauses
- 3.3.3. Infinitival clauses
- 3.3.4. A special case: clauses referring to a proposition
- 3.3.5. Adjectival phrases
- 3.3.6. Adverbial postmodification
- 3.4. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of noun phrases III: binominal constructions
- Introduction
- 4.1. Binominal constructions without a preposition
- 4.2. Binominal constructions with a preposition
- 4.3. Bibliographical notes
- 5 Determiners: articles and pronouns
- Introduction
- 5.1. Articles
- 5.2. Pronouns
- 5.3. Bibliographical notes
- 6 Numerals and quantifiers
- 7 Pre-determiners
- Introduction
- 7.1. The universal quantifier al 'all' and its alternants
- 7.2. The pre-determiner heel 'all/whole'
- 7.3. A note on focus particles
- 7.4. Bibliographical notes
- 8 Syntactic uses of noun phrases
- Adjectives and Adjective Phrases
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- 2 Projection of adjective phrases I: Complementation
- 3 Projection of adjective phrases II: Modification
- 4 Projection of adjective phrases III: Comparison
- 5 Attributive use of the adjective phrase
- 6 Predicative use of the adjective phrase
- 7 The partitive genitive construction
- 8 Adverbial use of the adjective phrase
- 9 Participles and infinitives: their adjectival use
- 10 Special constructions
- Adpositions and adpositional phrases
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- Introduction
- 1.1. Characterization of the category adposition
- 1.2. A formal classification of adpositional phrases
- 1.3. A semantic classification of adpositional phrases
- 1.3.1. Spatial adpositions
- 1.3.2. Temporal adpositions
- 1.3.3. Non-spatial/temporal prepositions
- 1.4. Borderline cases
- 1.5. Bibliographical notes
- 2 Projection of adpositional phrases: Complementation
- 3 Projection of adpositional phrases: Modification
- 4 Syntactic uses of the adpositional phrase
- 5 R-pronominalization and R-words
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- Phonology
- Frisian
- Introduction to Frisian
- Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Phonotactics
- Phonological Processes
- Assimilation
- Vowel nasalization
- Syllabic sonorants
- Final devoicing
- Fake geminates
- Vowel hiatus resolution
- Vowel reduction introduction
- Schwa deletion
- Schwa insertion
- /r/-deletion
- d-insertion
- {s/z}-insertion
- t-deletion
- Intrusive stop formation
- Breaking
- Vowel shortening
- h-deletion
- Replacement of the glide w
- Word stress
- Clitics
- Allomorphy
- Orthography of Frisian
- Morphology
- Inflection
- Word formation
- Derivation
- Prefixation
- Infixation
- Suffixation
- Nominal suffixes
- Verbal suffixes
- Adjectival suffixes
- Adverbial suffixes
- Numeral suffixes
- Interjectional suffixes
- Onomastic suffixes
- Conversion
- Derivation
- Syntax
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Unergative and unaccusative subjects
- Evidentiality
- To-infinitival clauses
- Predication and noun incorporation
- Ellipsis
- Imperativus-pro-Infinitivo
- Expression of irrealis
- Embedded Verb Second
- Agreement
- Negation
- Nouns & Noun Phrases
- Classification
- Complementation
- Modification
- Partitive noun constructions
- Referential partitive constructions
- Partitive measure nouns
- Numeral partitive constructions
- Partitive question constructions
- Nominalised quantifiers
- Kind partitives
- Partitive predication with prepositions
- Bare nominal attributions
- Articles and names
- Pronouns
- Quantifiers and (pre)determiners
- Interrogative pronouns
- R-pronouns
- Syntactic uses
- Adjective Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification and degree quantification
- Comparison by degree
- Comparative
- Superlative
- Equative
- Attribution
- Agreement
- Attributive adjectives vs. prenominal elements
- Complex adjectives
- Noun ellipsis
- Co-occurring adjectives
- Predication
- Partitive adjective constructions
- Adverbial use
- Participles and infinitives
- Adposition Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification
- Intransitive adpositions
- Predication
- Preposition stranding
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- Afrikaans
- Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Overview of Afrikaans vowels
- The rounded and unrounded high front vowels /i/ and /y/
- The diphthongised long vowels /e/, /ø/ and /o/
- The unrounded mid-front vowel /ɛ/
- The unrounded low-central vowel /ɑ/
- The unrounded low-central vowel /a/
- The rounded mid-high back vowel /ɔ/
- The rounded high back vowel /u/
- The unrounded and rounded central vowels /ə/ and /œ/
- The diphthongs /əi/, /œy/ and /œu/
- Overview of Afrikaans Consonants
- The bilabial plosives /p/ and /b/
- The alveolar plosives /t/ and /d/
- The velar plosives /k/ and /g/
- The bilabial nasal /m/
- The alveolar nasal /n/
- The velar nasal /ŋ/
- The trill /r/
- The lateral liquid /l/
- The labiodental fricatives /f/ and /v/
- The alveolar fricatives /s/ and /z/
- The velar fricative /x/
- The approximants /ɦ/, /j/ and /ʋ/
- Overview of Afrikaans vowels
- Word stress
- The phonetic properties of stress
- Primary stress on monomorphemic words in Afrikaans
- Background to primary stress in monomorphemes in Afrikaans
- Overview of the Main Stress Rule of Afrikaans
- The short vowels of Afrikaans
- Long vowels in monomorphemes
- Primary stress on diphthongs in monomorphemes
- Exceptions
- Stress shifts in place names
- Stress shift towards word-final position
- Stress pattern of reduplications
- Phonological Processes
- Phonotactics
- Segment inventory
- Morphology
- Syntax
- Introduction to Noun Phrases
- Introduction to Adjective Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification and degree quantification
- Comparison by comparative, superlative and equative degree
- Attribution
- Predication
- The partitive adjective construction
- Adverbial use
- Participles and infinitives as adjectives
- Introduction to Verb Phrases
- Phonology
Neo-classical word-formation involves elements derived from, or resembling those from, Ancient Greek or Latin. Cases in point are automobielcar (< French voiture automobileself-propelling vehicle, see Etymologiebank; < Greek autoself and Latin movereto move) and bioscoopcinema, movie theatre (< Greek bioslife and Greek skopeinto view), in which both constituting parts are foreign, and biowetenschappenlife sciences, in which only the combining form bio- (which derives from Greek ) is non-native. Words formed by means of neo-classical word-formation are common in the European languages, and are more common in the more learned registers of language use. They are especially frequent in specialized fields of expertise, such as chemistry, medicine, law, etcetera.
In native morphology, the distinction between words - lexical items that are potentially free and affixes that are obligatorily bound, is relatively easy. Not so in neo-classical word formation (Bauer 2013: 18). In words like auto.mobiel, neuro.logie and bio.scoop, we have morphs that are bound. The morphs neuro- and -(o)logie do not occur independently, and they do recur in a number of words, as affixes do. Similar to affixes, some of them typically occur in initial position (e.g. neuro-) and others in final position (e.g. -(o)logie). Still, most morphologists would hesitate to call them affixes. For one thing, if we were to term them affixes, we would be left with the possibility of a word that consists entirely of affixes (for example, neurology), which goes against the definition of affix given above. For another, there are some items in this category which can occur either initially or finally (e.g. derm in dermatitisinflammation of the skin or endodermone of the three primary germ cell layers in the very early embryo), which is never the case for affixes in English. Following Bauer et al., we will make a distinction between obligatorily bound roots (or bound roots for short) and affixes. Obligatorily bound roots can serve as bases for affixes or other obligatorily bound roots.
The distinction between obligatorily bound roots and affixes is usually based on the type of semantic information that the morph carries: bound roots are generally said to have more substantial lexical content than affixes or, as (Bauer 1998: 407) terms it, a higher degree of lexical density. In practice, it is not always easy to determine which morphs have sufficient lexical content to be considered bound roots, and which fall below the threshold. Most morphologists would agree that nomin-, neuro-, and -(i)cide are bound roots, and that in-, pre-, -ize, and -ness are affixes. But items like mini-, mega-, and super- seem to live in the grey area between affixes and bound roots. They convey notions of size (and also evaluation) that are often in other languages conveyed by affixes. Inevitably the amount of lexical content is a gradient matter, and different morphologists might draw the dividing line between bound roots and affixes in a different place.
Additional information on the subject can be found in Van den Toorn (1987),Bauer (1998), Beelen (2004), Meesters (2004), Lüdeling (2006), Smessaert (2013: 78ff), Carstens (2014: 183ff) and Hamans (2014). See also this section on strata in the lexicon and on non-native derivation.
- Carstens, Wannie A. M. and N. Bosman (ed.)2014Kontemporêre Afrikaanse TaalkundeVan Schaik Publishers
- Bauer, Laurie1998Is there a class of neoclassical compounds and if so is it productive?Linguistics36403-422
- Bauer, Laurie1998Is there a class of neoclassical compounds and if so is it productive?Linguistics36403-422
- Bauer, Laurie, Lieber, Rochelle & Plag, Ingo2013The Oxford Reference Guide to English MorphologyOxford University Press
- Beelen, Hans2004Van leenwoord tot inheemse nieuwvorming. De herkomst van neoklassieke composita op -cratieNeerlandistiek: wetenschappelijk tijdschrift voor Nederlandse taal- en letterkunde20041-21
- Hamans, Camiel2014The status of --o-- or on the allomorphy of neo-classical compoundsLinguistic Insights: Studies on LanguagesUniversidad de Alcalá, Servicio de Publicaciones208-217
- Lüdeling, Anke2006Neoclassical word-formation Keith Brown (ed.)Encyclopedia of Language and LinguisticsElsevier
- Meesters, Gert2004Marginale morfologie in het Nederlands. Paradigmatische samenstellingen, neo-klassieke composita en splintercompositaGentKoninklijke Academie voor Nederlandse Taal- en Letterkunde
- Smessaert, Hans2013Basisbegrippen morfologieBasisbegrippen taalkundeLeuven/Den HaagACCO
- Toorn, Maarten C. van den1987De trochee op o-De nieuwe Taalgids80107-110
- Dutch
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[70%] Dutch > Phonology > Phonological processes
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[69%] Dutch > Phonology > Clitics
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[68%] Dutch > Phonology > Phonotactics > Syllable level
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[71%] Frisian > Phonology > Phonotactics > Codas
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[71%] Frisian > Phonology > Phonological Processes
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[71%] Frisian > Phonology > Allomorphy
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[71%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonological Processes > Vowel related processes
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[70%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Segment inventory > Overview of Afrikaans vowels
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[69%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonological Processes > Consonant related processes
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[69%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Word stress > The phonetic properties of stress
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[75%] Dutch > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation > Nouns > Nominal suffixes
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[70%] Dutch > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation > Nouns > Nominal suffixes
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[70%] Dutch > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation > Numerals
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[69%] Frisian > Morphology > Inflection > Numerals
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[73%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation > Affixation
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[72%] Dutch > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases > 1 Characterization and classification
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[71%] Dutch > Syntax > Nouns and Noun Phrases > 6 Numerals and quantifiers > 6.1. Numerals > 6.1.1. Cardinal numerals
- 1.1.1. Properties of adpositions
[71%] Dutch > Syntax > Adpositions and adpositional phrases > 1 Characteristics and classification > 1.1. Characterization of the category adposition
- Preface and acknowledgments
[71%] Dutch > Syntax > Preface and acknowledgements
- 9.1. The overall organization of the clause
[70%] Dutch > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases > 9 Word order in the clause I:General introduction
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