- Dutch
- Frisian
- Afrikaans
-
Dutch
-
Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Phonotactics
- Phonological processes
- Phonology-morphology interface
-
Word stress
-
Primary stress in simplex words
- Monomorphemic words
- Diachronic aspects
- Generalizations on stress placement
- Default penultimate stress
- Lexical stress
- The closed penult restriction
- Final closed syllables
- The diphthong restriction
- Superheavy syllables (SHS)
- The three-syllable window
- Segmental restrictions
- Phonetic correlates
- Stress shifts in loanwords
- Quantity-sensitivity
- Secondary stress
- Vowel reduction in unstressed syllables
- Stress in complex words
-
Primary stress in simplex words
- Accent & intonation
- Clitics
- Spelling
-
Morphology
-
Word formation
-
Compounding
- Nominal compounds
- Verbal compounds
- Adjectival compounds
- Affixoids
- Coordinative compounds
- Synthetic compounds
- Reduplicative compounds
- Phrase-based compounds
- Elative compounds
- Exocentric compounds
- Linking elements
- Separable complex verbs (SCVs)
- Gapping of complex words
- Particle verbs
- Copulative compounds
-
Derivation
- Numerals
- Derivation: inputs and input restrictions
- The meaning of affixes
- Non-native morphology
- Cohering and non-cohering affixes
- Prefixation
- Suffixation
- Nominal suffixation: person nouns
- Conversion
- Pseudo-participles
- Bound forms
-
Nouns
- Nominal prefixes
-
Nominal suffixes
- -aal and -eel
- -aar
- -aard
- -aat
- -air
- -aris
- -ast
- Diminutives
- -dom
- -een
- -ees
- -el (nominal)
- -elaar
- -enis
- -er (nominal)
- -erd
- -erik
- -es
- -eur
- -euse
- ge...te
- -heid
- -iaan, -aan
- -ief
- -iek
- -ier
- -ier (French)
- -ière
- -iet
- -igheid
- -ij and allomorphs
- -ijn
- -in
- -ing
- -isme
- -ist
- -iteit
- -ling
- -oir
- -oot
- -rice
- -schap
- -schap (de)
- -schap (het)
- -sel
- -st
- -ster
- -t
- -tal
- -te
- -voud
- Verbs
- Adjectives
- Adverbs
- Univerbation
- Neo-classical word formation
- Construction-dependent morphology
- Morphological productivity
-
Compounding
- Inflection
- Inflection and derivation
- Allomorphy
- The interface between phonology and morphology
-
Word formation
-
Syntax
- Preface and acknowledgements
-
Verbs and Verb Phrases
- 1 Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of verb phrases I:Argument structure
-
3 Projection of verb phrases II:Verb frame alternations
- Introduction
- 3.1. Main types
- 3.2. Alternations involving the external argument
-
3.3. Alternations of noun phrases and PPs
-
3.3.1. Dative/PP alternations (dative shift)
- 3.3.1.1. Dative alternation with aan-phrases (recipients)
- 3.3.1.2. Dative alternation with naar-phrases (goals)
- 3.3.1.3. Dative alternation with van-phrases (sources)
- 3.3.1.4. Dative alternation with bij-phrases (possessors)
- 3.3.1.5. Dative alternation with voor-phrases (benefactives)
- 3.3.1.6. Conclusion
- 3.3.1.7. Bibliographical notes
- 3.3.2. Accusative/PP alternations
- 3.3.3. Nominative/PP alternations
-
3.3.1. Dative/PP alternations (dative shift)
- 3.4. Some apparent cases of verb frame alternation
- 3.5. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of verb phrases IIIa:Selection of clauses/verb phrases
-
5 Projection of verb phrases IIIb:Argument and complementive clauses
- Introduction
- 5.1. Finite argument clauses
- 5.2. Infinitival argument clauses
- 5.3. Complementive clauses
- 6 Projection of verb phrases IIIc:Complements of non-main verbs
- 7 Projection of verb phrases IIId:Verb clusters
- 8 Projection of verb phrases IV: Adverbial modification
- 9 Word order in the clause I:General introduction
- 10 Word order in the clause II:Position of the finite verb (verb-first/second)
-
11 Word order in the clause III:Clause-initial position (wh-movement)
- Introduction
- 11.1. The formation of V1- and V2-clauses
- 11.2. Clause-initial position remains (phonetically) empty
- 11.3. Clause-initial position is filled
- 12 Word order in the clause IV:Postverbal field (extraposition)
- 13 Word order in the clause V: Middle field (scrambling)
- 14 Main-clause external elements
-
Nouns and Noun Phrases
- 1 Characterization and classification
-
2 Projection of noun phrases I: complementation
- Introduction
- 2.1. General observations
- 2.2. Prepositional and nominal complements
- 2.3. Clausal complements
- 2.4. Bibliographical notes
-
3 Projection of noun phrases II: modification
- Introduction
- 3.1. Restrictive and non-restrictive modifiers
- 3.2. Premodification
-
3.3. Postmodification
- 3.3.1. Adpositional phrases
- 3.3.2. Relative clauses
- 3.3.3. Infinitival clauses
- 3.3.4. A special case: clauses referring to a proposition
- 3.3.5. Adjectival phrases
- 3.3.6. Adverbial postmodification
- 3.4. Bibliographical notes
-
4 Projection of noun phrases III: binominal constructions
- Introduction
- 4.1. Binominal constructions without a preposition
- 4.2. Binominal constructions with a preposition
- 4.3. Bibliographical notes
-
5 Determiners: articles and pronouns
- Introduction
- 5.1. Articles
- 5.2. Pronouns
- 5.3. Bibliographical notes
- 6 Numerals and quantifiers
-
7 Pre-determiners
- Introduction
- 7.1. The universal quantifier al 'all' and its alternants
- 7.2. The pre-determiner heel 'all/whole'
- 7.3. A note on focus particles
- 7.4. Bibliographical notes
- 8 Syntactic uses of noun phrases
-
Adjectives and Adjective Phrases
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- 2 Projection of adjective phrases I: Complementation
- 3 Projection of adjective phrases II: Modification
- 4 Projection of adjective phrases III: Comparison
- 5 Attributive use of the adjective phrase
- 6 Predicative use of the adjective phrase
- 7 The partitive genitive construction
- 8 Adverbial use of the adjective phrase
- 9 Participles and infinitives: their adjectival use
- 10 Special constructions
-
Adpositions and adpositional phrases
-
1 Characteristics and classification
- Introduction
- 1.1. Characterization of the category adposition
- 1.2. A formal classification of adpositional phrases
-
1.3. A semantic classification of adpositional phrases
- 1.3.1. Spatial adpositions
- 1.3.2. Temporal adpositions
- 1.3.3. Non-spatial/temporal prepositions
- 1.4. Borderline cases
- 1.5. Bibliographical notes
- 2 Projection of adpositional phrases: Complementation
- 3 Projection of adpositional phrases: Modification
- 4 Syntactic uses of the adpositional phrase
- 5 R-pronominalization and R-words
-
1 Characteristics and classification
-
Phonology
-
Frisian
- Introduction to Frisian
-
Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Phonotactics
-
Phonological Processes
- Assimilation
- Vowel nasalization
- Syllabic sonorants
- Final devoicing
- Fake geminates
- Vowel hiatus resolution
- Vowel reduction introduction
- Schwa deletion
- Schwa insertion
- /r/-deletion
- d-insertion
- {s/z}-insertion
- t-deletion
- Intrusive stop formation
- Breaking
- Vowel shortening
- h-deletion
- Replacement of the glide w
- Word stress
- Clitics
- Allomorphy
- Orthography of Frisian
-
Morphology
- Inflection
-
Word formation
-
Derivation
- Prefixation
- Infixation
-
Suffixation
- Nominal suffixes
- Verbal suffixes
- Adjectival suffixes
- Adverbial suffixes
- Numeral suffixes
- Interjectional suffixes
- Onomastic suffixes
- Conversion
-
Derivation
-
Syntax
-
Verbs and Verb Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Unergative and unaccusative subjects
- Evidentiality
- To-infinitival clauses
- Predication and noun incorporation
- Ellipsis
- Imperativus-pro-Infinitivo
- Expression of irrealis
- Embedded Verb Second
- Agreement
- Negation
-
Nouns & Noun Phrases
- Classification
- Complementation
- Modification
-
Partitive noun constructions
- Referential partitive constructions
- Partitive measure nouns
- Numeral partitive constructions
- Partitive question constructions
- Nominalised quantifiers
- Kind partitives
- Partitive predication with prepositions
- Bare nominal attributions
- Articles and names
- Pronouns
- Quantifiers and (pre)determiners
- Interrogative pronouns
- R-pronouns
- Syntactic uses
-
Adjective Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification and degree quantification
-
Comparison by degree
- Comparative
- Superlative
- Equative
-
Attribution
- Agreement
- Attributive adjectives vs. prenominal elements
- Complex adjectives
- Noun ellipsis
- Co-occurring adjectives
- Predication
- Partitive adjective constructions
- Adverbial use
- Participles and infinitives
-
Adposition Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification
- Intransitive adpositions
- Predication
- Preposition stranding
-
Verbs and Verb Phrases
-
Afrikaans
-
Phonology
-
Segment inventory
-
Overview of Afrikaans vowels
- The rounded and unrounded high front vowels /i/ and /y/
- The diphthongised long vowels /e/, /ø/ and /o/
- The unrounded mid-front vowel /ɛ/
- The unrounded low-central vowel /ɑ/
- The unrounded low-central vowel /a/
- The rounded mid-high back vowel /ɔ/
- The rounded high back vowel /u/
- The unrounded and rounded central vowels /ə/ and /œ/
- The diphthongs /əi/, /œy/ and /œu/
-
Overview of Afrikaans Consonants
- The bilabial plosives /p/ and /b/
- The alveolar plosives /t/ and /d/
- The velar plosives /k/ and /g/
- The bilabial nasal /m/
- The alveolar nasal /n/
- The velar nasal /ŋ/
- The trill /r/
- The lateral liquid /l/
- The labiodental fricatives /f/ and /v/
- The alveolar fricatives /s/ and /z/
- The velar fricative /x/
- The approximants /ɦ/, /j/ and /ʋ/
-
Overview of Afrikaans vowels
-
Word stress
- The phonetic properties of stress
- Primary stress on monomorphemic words in Afrikaans
- Background to primary stress in monomorphemes in Afrikaans
- Overview of the Main Stress Rule of Afrikaans
- The short vowels of Afrikaans
- Long vowels in monomorphemes
- Primary stress on diphthongs in monomorphemes
- Exceptions
- Stress shifts in place names
- Stress shift towards word-final position
- Stress pattern of reduplications
- Phonological Processes
- Phonotactics
-
Segment inventory
- Morphology
-
Syntax
- Introduction to Noun Phrases
-
Introduction to Adjective Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification and degree quantification
- Comparison by comparative, superlative and equative degree
- Attribution
- Predication
- The partitive adjective construction
- Adverbial use
- Participles and infinitives as adjectives
- Introduction to Verb Phrases
-
Phonology
Non-spatial/temporal adverbial PPs like those given in (94) behave like spatial and temporal adverbial PPs: they can be topicalized and undergo PP-over-V, but they do not allow R-extraction.
a. | dat | Jan | dankzij | haar hulp | zijn werk | kan | afmaken. | |
that | Jan | thanks.to | her help | his work | can | finish | ||
'that Jan could finish his work thanks to her help.' |
b. | dat | de reis | vanwege de kou | wordt | afgelast. | |
that | the trip | because.of the cold | is | canceled | ||
'that the trip is canceled because of the cold.' |
The examples in (95) show that topicalization of a non-spatial/temporal adverbial phrase is possible.
a. | Dankzij | haar hulp | kan | Jan zijn werk | afmaken. | |
thanks.to | her help | can | Jan his work | finish |
b. | Vanwege de kou | wordt | de reis | afgelast. | |
because of the cold | is | the trip | canceled |
As with spatial and temporal adverbial phrases, the term scrambling does not apply in the case of the non-spatial/temporal adverbial phrases. We can simply assume that such adverbial phrases occupy their base-position in the middle field. The word order between the adverbial phrases does, however, have an impact on the semantics of the clause. This is especially clear if a modal clausal adverb like waarschijnlijk is involved. Consider the examples in (96).
a. | Jan kan waarschijnlijk | dankzij | haar hulp | zijn werk | afmaken. | |
Jan can probably | thanks.to | her help | his work | finish | ||
'Jan can probably finish his work thanks to her help.' |
a'. | Jan kan | dankzij | haar hulp | waarschijnlijk | zijn werk | afmaken. | |
Jan can | thanks.to | her help | probably | his work | finish | ||
'Thanks to her help Jan can probably finish his work.' |
b. | De reis | wordt | waarschijnlijk | vanwege de kou | afgelast. | |
the trip | is | probably | because.of the cold | canceled | ||
'The trip is probably canceled because of the cold.' |
b'. | De reis | wordt | vanwege de kou | waarschijnlijk | afgelast. | |
the trip | is | because.of the cold | probably | canceled | ||
'Because of the cold the trip is probably canceled.' |
Semantically, the primeless and primed examples differ in the relative scope of the modal adverb and the adverbial PPs; the adverbial PPs are in the scope of the clausal adverb in the primeless but not in primed examples. This results in the following meaning differences: (96a) expresses that Jan will finish his work and that this is probably possible thanks to her help, whereas (96a') expresses that thanks to her help Jan will probably finish his work; (96b) expresses that the trip is canceled and that this is probably because of the cold, whereas (96b') expresses that because of the cold the trip is likely to be canceled.
The examples in (97) show that PP-over-V of the non-spatial/temporal PPs is possible.
a. | dat | Jan | zijn werk | kan | afmaken | dankzij haar hulp. | |
that | Jan | his work | can | finish | thanks.to her help | ||
'that Jan can finish his work thanks to her help.' |
b. | dat | de reis | wordt | afgelast | vanwege de kou. | |
that | the trip | is | canceled | because.of the cold | ||
'that the trip is canceled because of the cold.' |
If two (non-spatial/temporal) PPs are strictly ordered in the middle field of the clause, the order is reversed under PP-over-V. This is illustrated in (98).
a. | Jan heeft | wegens ziekte van de voorzitter | namens de commissie | gesproken. | |
Jan has | because.of illness of the chairman | in.name.of the committee | spoken | ||
'Because of the illness of the chairman Jan spoke on behalf of the committee.' |
a'. | * | Jan heeft namens de commissie wegens ziekte van de voorzitter gesproken. |
b. | Jan heeft gesproken namens de commissie wegens ziekte van de voorzitter. |
b'. | * | Jan heeft gesproken wegens ziekte van de voorzitter namens de commissie. |
R-extraction from non-spatial/temporal PPs is generally excluded, which is not surprising given that such adverbial PPs normally do not even allow the process of R-pronominalization. This is illustrated in (99).
a. | dat | Jan | dankzij haar hulp | zijn werk | kan | afmaken. | |
that | Jan | thanks.to her help | his work | can | finish |
a'. | * | dat | Jan daar | dankzij | zijn werk | kan | afmaken. |
that | Jan there | thanks.to | his work | can | finish |
b. | dat | de reis | vanwege de kou | wordt | afgelast. | |
that | the trip | because.of the cold | is | canceled |
b'. | * | dat | de reis | daar | vanwege | wordt | afgelast. |
that | the trip | there | because | is | canceled |
a. | Jan opende | het blik | met een schroevendraaier. | |
Jan opened | the can | with a screw driver |
b. | Jan opende | er | het blik | mee. | |
Jan opened | there | the can | with | ||
'Jan opened the can with it.' |
- Dutch
- Frisian
- Afrikaans
- Phonological processes in casual speech
[76%] Dutch > Phonology > Phonological processes
- Intonation
[76%] Dutch > Phonology > Accent & intonation
- Abstract phonological forms in Dutch orthography
[74%] Dutch > Phonology > Spelling
- Diminutive allomorphy
[74%] Dutch > Phonology > Phonology-morphology interface > Allomorphy
- Schwa epenthesis and schwa deletion
[74%] Dutch > Phonology > Phonological processes
- Breaking: phonetic aspects
[78%] Frisian > Phonology > Phonological Processes > Breaking
- Orthography
[78%] Frisian > Phonology > Orthography of Frisian
- /t/-deletion before the suffix -st
[78%] Frisian > Phonology > Phonological Processes
- The phonological domain of Final Devoicing
[78%] Frisian > Phonology > Phonological Processes > Final devoicing
- /d/-insertion in the sequences /nər/, /lər/, and /rər/
[77%] Frisian > Phonology > Phonological Processes
- The phonotactics of Afrikaans
[76%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonotactics
- Homorganic glide insertion
[76%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonological Processes
- Nasalization
[75%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonological Processes > Vowel related processes
- Nasal assimilation
[74%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonological Processes > Consonant related processes
- Onset: sequences of three consonants
[74%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonotactics > Onset
- Dutch
- Frisian
- Afrikaans
- Case - the partitive construction
[78%] Dutch > Morphology > Inflection > Nouns > Case
- Separable complex verbs (SCVs)
[75%] Dutch > Morphology > Word formation > Compounding
- Construction-dependent morphology
[75%] Dutch > Morphology > Word formation
- -achtig
[74%] Dutch > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation > Adjectives > Adjectival suffixes
- Possessive pronouns
[74%] Dutch > Morphology > Inflection > Pronouns
- In prenominal position
[79%] Frisian > Morphology > Inflection > Adjectives
- Degree
[79%] Frisian > Morphology > Inflection > Adjectives
- Weak verbs
[79%] Frisian > Morphology > Inflection > Verbs
- Strong and other irregular verbs
[79%] Frisian > Morphology > Inflection > Verbs
- Cardinal numbers
[78%] Frisian > Morphology > Inflection > Numerals
- Prefixation
[70%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation > Affixation
- Cohering and non-cohering affixes
[68%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation > Affixation
- Affixation
[67%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation
- Non-native affixes
[66%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation > Affixation
- Inputs and input restrictions
[66%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word formation > Affixation
- Dutch
- Frisian
- Afrikaans
- 3.1.3. Locational PPs that refer to the null vector
[85%] Dutch > Syntax > Adpositions and adpositional phrases > 3 Projection of adpositional phrases: Modification > 3.1. Spatial adpositional phrases
- 6.3. Supplementive use of the adjective
[85%] Dutch > Syntax > Adjectives and Adjective Phrases > 6 Predicative use of the adjective phrase
- 6.5. Clausal subjects
[85%] Dutch > Syntax > Adjectives and Adjective Phrases > 6 Predicative use of the adjective phrase
- 2.2.1. Tests for distinguishing PP-complements from PP-adjuncts
[84%] Dutch > Syntax > Nouns and Noun Phrases > 2 Projection of noun phrases I: complementation > 2.2. Prepositional and nominal complements
- 3.3.3. Nominative/PP alternations
[84%] Dutch > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases > 3 Projection of verb phrases II:Verb frame alternations > 3.3. Alternations of noun phrases and PPs
- The adverb of manner & degree sa 'so' and negation
[78%] Frisian > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases > Negation
- The PPI-B construction
[77%] Frisian > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases > Expression of irrealis > The verb sille 'shall' > Participio-pro-Infinitivo
- Restriction of the B-construction to modals
[77%] Frisian > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases > Expression of irrealis
- The adverb of degree followed by an adjective and negation
[77%] Frisian > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases > Negation
- Combining with to-infinitives
[76%] Frisian > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases > Predication and noun incorporation > Copulas
- Finite declarative complement clauses: construction forms
[78%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Verb Phrases > Complement clauses > Finite declarative complement clauses
- Mood
[78%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Verb Phrases > Characterization and classification
- Attribution
[78%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Adjective Phrases
- Reported speech in Afrikaans: syntactic distribution
[77%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Verb Phrases > Complement clauses > Reported speech in Afrikaans
- Finite interrogative complement clauses: syntactic distribution
[77%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Introduction to Verb Phrases > Complement clauses > Finite interrogative complement clauses
A free Open Access publication of the corresponding volumes of the Syntax of Dutch is available at OAPEN.org.