- Dutch
- Frisian
- Afrikaans
- Dutch
- Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Phonotactics
- Phonological processes
- Phonology-morphology interface
- Word stress
- Primary stress in simplex words
- Monomorphemic words
- Diachronic aspects
- Generalizations on stress placement
- Default penultimate stress
- Lexical stress
- The closed penult restriction
- Final closed syllables
- The diphthong restriction
- Superheavy syllables (SHS)
- The three-syllable window
- Segmental restrictions
- Phonetic correlates
- Stress shifts in loanwords
- Quantity-sensitivity
- Secondary stress
- Vowel reduction in unstressed syllables
- Stress in complex words
- Primary stress in simplex words
- Accent & intonation
- Clitics
- Spelling
- Morphology
- Word formation
- Compounding
- Nominal compounds
- Verbal compounds
- Adjectival compounds
- Affixoids
- Coordinative compounds
- Synthetic compounds
- Reduplicative compounds
- Phrase-based compounds
- Elative compounds
- Exocentric compounds
- Linking elements
- Separable complex verbs (SCVs)
- Gapping of complex words
- Particle verbs
- Copulative compounds
- Derivation
- Numerals
- Derivation: inputs and input restrictions
- The meaning of affixes
- Non-native morphology
- Cohering and non-cohering affixes
- Prefixation
- Suffixation
- Nominal suffixation: person nouns
- Conversion
- Pseudo-participles
- Bound forms
- Nouns
- Nominal prefixes
- Nominal suffixes
- -aal and -eel
- -aar
- -aard
- -aat
- -air
- -aris
- -ast
- Diminutives
- -dom
- -een
- -ees
- -el (nominal)
- -elaar
- -enis
- -er (nominal)
- -erd
- -erik
- -es
- -eur
- -euse
- ge...te
- -heid
- -iaan, -aan
- -ief
- -iek
- -ier
- -ier (French)
- -ière
- -iet
- -igheid
- -ij and allomorphs
- -ijn
- -in
- -ing
- -isme
- -ist
- -iteit
- -ling
- -oir
- -oot
- -rice
- -schap
- -schap (de)
- -schap (het)
- -sel
- -st
- -ster
- -t
- -tal
- -te
- -voud
- Verbs
- Adjectives
- Adverbs
- Univerbation
- Neo-classical word formation
- Construction-dependent morphology
- Morphological productivity
- Compounding
- Inflection
- Inflection and derivation
- Allomorphy
- The interface between phonology and morphology
- Word formation
- Syntax
- Preface and acknowledgements
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- 1 Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of verb phrases I:Argument structure
- 3 Projection of verb phrases II:Verb frame alternations
- Introduction
- 3.1. Main types
- 3.2. Alternations involving the external argument
- 3.3. Alternations of noun phrases and PPs
- 3.3.1. Dative/PP alternations (dative shift)
- 3.3.1.1. Dative alternation with aan-phrases (recipients)
- 3.3.1.2. Dative alternation with naar-phrases (goals)
- 3.3.1.3. Dative alternation with van-phrases (sources)
- 3.3.1.4. Dative alternation with bij-phrases (possessors)
- 3.3.1.5. Dative alternation with voor-phrases (benefactives)
- 3.3.1.6. Conclusion
- 3.3.1.7. Bibliographical notes
- 3.3.2. Accusative/PP alternations
- 3.3.3. Nominative/PP alternations
- 3.3.1. Dative/PP alternations (dative shift)
- 3.4. Some apparent cases of verb frame alternation
- 3.5. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of verb phrases IIIa:Selection of clauses/verb phrases
- 5 Projection of verb phrases IIIb:Argument and complementive clauses
- Introduction
- 5.1. Finite argument clauses
- 5.2. Infinitival argument clauses
- 5.3. Complementive clauses
- 6 Projection of verb phrases IIIc:Complements of non-main verbs
- 7 Projection of verb phrases IIId:Verb clusters
- 8 Projection of verb phrases IV: Adverbial modification
- 9 Word order in the clause I:General introduction
- 10 Word order in the clause II:Position of the finite verb (verb-first/second)
- 11 Word order in the clause III:Clause-initial position (wh-movement)
- Introduction
- 11.1. The formation of V1- and V2-clauses
- 11.2. Clause-initial position remains (phonetically) empty
- 11.3. Clause-initial position is filled
- 12 Word order in the clause IV:Postverbal field (extraposition)
- 13 Word order in the clause V: Middle field (scrambling)
- 14 Main-clause external elements
- Nouns and Noun Phrases
- 1 Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of noun phrases I: complementation
- Introduction
- 2.1. General observations
- 2.2. Prepositional and nominal complements
- 2.3. Clausal complements
- 2.4. Bibliographical notes
- 3 Projection of noun phrases II: modification
- Introduction
- 3.1. Restrictive and non-restrictive modifiers
- 3.2. Premodification
- 3.3. Postmodification
- 3.3.1. Adpositional phrases
- 3.3.2. Relative clauses
- 3.3.3. Infinitival clauses
- 3.3.4. A special case: clauses referring to a proposition
- 3.3.5. Adjectival phrases
- 3.3.6. Adverbial postmodification
- 3.4. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of noun phrases III: binominal constructions
- Introduction
- 4.1. Binominal constructions without a preposition
- 4.2. Binominal constructions with a preposition
- 4.3. Bibliographical notes
- 5 Determiners: articles and pronouns
- Introduction
- 5.1. Articles
- 5.2. Pronouns
- 5.3. Bibliographical notes
- 6 Numerals and quantifiers
- 7 Pre-determiners
- Introduction
- 7.1. The universal quantifier al 'all' and its alternants
- 7.2. The pre-determiner heel 'all/whole'
- 7.3. A note on focus particles
- 7.4. Bibliographical notes
- 8 Syntactic uses of noun phrases
- Adjectives and Adjective Phrases
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- 2 Projection of adjective phrases I: Complementation
- 3 Projection of adjective phrases II: Modification
- 4 Projection of adjective phrases III: Comparison
- 5 Attributive use of the adjective phrase
- 6 Predicative use of the adjective phrase
- 7 The partitive genitive construction
- 8 Adverbial use of the adjective phrase
- 9 Participles and infinitives: their adjectival use
- 10 Special constructions
- Adpositions and adpositional phrases
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- Introduction
- 1.1. Characterization of the category adposition
- 1.2. A formal classification of adpositional phrases
- 1.3. A semantic classification of adpositional phrases
- 1.3.1. Spatial adpositions
- 1.3.2. Temporal adpositions
- 1.3.3. Non-spatial/temporal prepositions
- 1.4. Borderline cases
- 1.5. Bibliographical notes
- 2 Projection of adpositional phrases: Complementation
- 3 Projection of adpositional phrases: Modification
- 4 Syntactic uses of the adpositional phrase
- 5 R-pronominalization and R-words
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- Phonology
- Frisian
- Introduction to Frisian
- Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Phonotactics
- Phonological Processes
- Assimilation
- Vowel nasalization
- Syllabic sonorants
- Final devoicing
- Fake geminates
- Vowel hiatus resolution
- Vowel reduction introduction
- Schwa deletion
- Schwa insertion
- /r/-deletion
- d-insertion
- {s/z}-insertion
- t-deletion
- Intrusive stop formation
- Breaking
- Vowel shortening
- h-deletion
- Replacement of the glide w
- Word stress
- Clitics
- Allomorphy
- Orthography of Frisian
- Morphology
- Inflection
- Word formation
- Derivation
- Infixation
- Suffixation
- Nominal suffixes
- Verbal suffixes
- Adjectival suffixes
- Adverbial suffixes
- Numeral suffixes
- Interjectional suffixes
- Onomastic suffixes
- Conversion
- Derivation
- Syntax
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Unergative and unaccusative subjects
- Evidentiality
- To-infinitival clauses
- Predication and noun incorporation
- Ellipsis
- Imperativus-pro-Infinitivo
- Expression of irrealis
- Embedded Verb Second
- Agreement
- Negation
- Nouns & Noun Phrases
- Classification
- Complementation
- Modification
- Partitive noun constructions
- Referential partitive constructions
- Partitive measure nouns
- Numeral partitive constructions
- Partitive question constructions
- Nominalised quantifiers
- Kind partitives
- Partitive predication with prepositions
- Bare nominal attributions
- Articles and names
- Pronouns
- Quantifiers and (pre)determiners
- Interrogative pronouns
- R-pronouns
- Syntactic uses
- Adjective Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification and degree quantification
- Comparison by degree
- Comparative
- Superlative
- Equative
- Attribution
- Agreement
- Attributive adjectives vs. prenominal elements
- Complex adjectives
- Noun ellipsis
- Co-occurring adjectives
- Predication
- Partitive adjective constructions
- Adverbial use
- Participles and infinitives
- Adposition Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification
- Intransitive adpositions
- Predication
- Preposition stranding
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- Afrikaans
- Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Overview of Afrikaans Vowels
- The rounded and unrounded high front vowels /i/ and /y/
- The diphthongised long vowels /e/, /ø/ and /o/
- The unrounded mid-front vowel /ɛ/
- The unrounded low-central vowel /ɑ/
- The unrounded low-central vowel /a/
- The rounded mid-high back vowel /ɔ/
- The rounded high back vowel /u/
- The unrounded and rounded central vowels /ə/ and /œ/
- The diphthongs /əi/, /œy/ and /œu/
- Overview of Afrikaans Consonants
- The bilabial plosives /p/ and /b/
- The alveolar plosives /t/ and /d/
- The velar plosives /k/ and /g/
- The bilabial nasal /m/
- The alveolar nasal /n/
- The velar nasal /ŋ/
- The trill /r/
- The lateral liquid /l/
- The labiodental fricatives /f/ and /v/
- The alveolar fricatives /s/ and /z/
- The velar fricative /x/
- The approximants /ɦ/, /j/ and /ʋ/
- Overview of Afrikaans Vowels
- Word stress
- The phonetic properties of stress
- Primary stress on monomorphemic words in Afrikaans
- Background to primary stress in monomorphemes in Afrikaans
- Overview of the Main Stress Rule of Afrikaans
- The short vowels of Afrikaans
- Long vowels in monomorphemes
- Primary stress on diphthongs in monomorphemes
- Exceptions
- Stress shifts in place names
- Stress shift towards word-final position
- Stress pattern of reduplications
- Phonological Processes
- Phonotactics
- Segment inventory
- Morphology
- Syntax
- Nouns and Noun Phrases
- 1. Characterization and classification
- 2. Binominal Constructions
- 3. Modification
- The modification of a Head Noun in a Noun Phrase (Overview)
- The modification of the head N of a NP: (In)definite Pronouns
- The modification of head Nouns: Numerals
- The modification of Names
- The modification of substantive nouns: Articles
- The modification of substantive nouns: Demonstratives
- The modification of substantive nouns: Determiners
- Modification of substantive nouns: Genitive forms
- The modification of substantive nouns: Quantifiers
- The modification of substantive nouns: Questions and the relative pronoun welke 'which'
- 5. Determiners: articles and pronouns
- Adjective Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification and Degree Quantification
- Comparison by comparative, superlative and equative degree
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- 1. Characterization and classification
- 3. Alternations
- 5. Complement Clauses
- Nouns and Noun Phrases
- Phonology
-eer/ɛ:r/ is a stress-bearing non-native cohering suffix found in verbs derived from non-native bound forms (e.g. produceerto produce, cf. productproduct), (mostly non-native) nouns (e.g. alarmeerto alarm < alarmalarm) or (occasionally) non-native adjectives (e.g. activeerto activate < actiefactive, selecteerto select which maybe derives from selectselect, ). There are various allomorphs such as -ueer (e.g. accentueeraccentuate < accentaccent), -seer (e.g. categoriseercategorize < categoriecategory), -iseer (e.g. karakteriseercharacterize < karaktercharacter), -tiseer (e.g. schematiseerschematize < schemaschema), and -atiseer (e.g. systematiseersystematize < systeemsystem). It is also possible to analyse some of these alleged allomorphs in terms of stem allomorphy, borrowing and/or affix substitution; the last example systematiseersystematize may also be a derivation of the (derived) adjective systematischsystematic. Verbs in -eer are always inflected regularly (past tense produceerdeproduced, past participle geproduceerdproduced).
-eer/ɛ:r/ and its allomorphs is one of the four verbalizing suffixes in Dutch, and the only one that is productive; it belongs to the non-native stratum of the language. The others are -el, -er, and -ig; other verbs enter the language through borrowing or conversion. Bases are usually non-native nouns, adjectives or bound forms. Haas (1993: 348-351) distinguish three types:
- (4.5.1.1.) The suffix -eer often occurs with bound forms that are usually non-native, most often of Latin of French origin. Examples are producerento produce, to reside, concluderento conclue, emanciperento emancipate, procederento litigate, docerento teach, resumerento summarize, absorberento absorb, reagerento react, monterento mount, to assemble, fingerento feign, specificerento specify, refererento refer, masturberento masturbate, tatoeërento tattoo, variërento vary, riskerento risk, chaufferento drive. The distinction between Latin stems and others is relevant in that in Latin stems, /k/ before the suffix (usually spelled c) becomes /s/ (usually spelled c): specificerento specifyspecificatiespecification, abdicerento abdicateabdicatieabdication, implicerento implyimplicatieimplication, introducerento introduceintroductieintroduction, complicerento complicatecomplicatiecomplication. Another feature of these Latin stems is that they usually need additional material to become a word: the Latin stem dic-to point, e.g., cannot function as a verb wit -eer alone: another element (usually a bound form) is needed as well, as in indicerento indicate or abdicerento abdicate; the same holds for fic-to make in unificerento unify, simplificerento simplify, pacificerento pacify, etc. There is also a small group of roots ending in /k/ that are (probably) not of Latin origin where this alternation does not occur: frankerento frank, to prepay, markerento mark, maskerento mask, to camouflage and riskerento risk.
- (4.5.1.2) The suffix -eer can also be attached productively to nouns, usually non-Germanic ones: alarmerento alarm (cf. alarmalarm), balancerento balance (cf. balansbalans), triomferento triumph (cf. triomftriumph), spionerento spy (cf. spionspy), signalerento signal (cf. signaalsignal), duellerento duel (cf. duelduel), adviserento advise (cf. adviesadvice), importerento import (< importimport), portretterento portray (cf. portretportrait). If the noun ends in schwa, the schwa is deleted as a consequence of prevocalic schwa-deletion: coderento encode (cf. codecode), nuancerento nuance (cf. nuancenuance), annoncerento announce (cf. annonceannouncement), frauderento defraud (cf. fraudefraud), charmerento charm (cf. charmecharm). Sometimes the suffix also attaches to native nouns that are either monosyllabic (groeperento group, shockerento shock, normerento normalize, scalperento scalp, kamperento camp) or bisyllabic with schwa in the second syllable (redenerento reason < redenreason, waarderento value < waardevalue). If the noun ends in a vowel other than schwa, it is sometimes deleted (torpederento torpedo cf. torpedtorpedo, girerento indorse cf. girogiro, agenderento agenda cf. agendaagenda, diplomerento certificate cf. diplomadiploma, fantaserento imagine cf. fantasiephantasy), and not in other cases (parodiërento parody, tatoeërento tattoo). The suffix -eer also combines with non-native complex words: enthousiasmerento enthuse (enthousiasme is formed with -asme), urinerento urinate (urine contains -ine), reglementeren (reglement contains -ment), motiverento motivate (< motief containing -ief), telefoneren (telefoontelephone contains the bound form -foon), filosoferento philosophize (< filosoofphilosopher with the bound form -soof), telegraferento telegraph (< telegraaf telegraph contains the bound form -graaf). In other cases, a suffix or bound form may or may not be retained, e.g. with -ade: kwadraatsquare > kwadraterento square vs plagiaatplagiarism > plagiërento plagiarize. The final /k/ of the suffix -iek changes into /s/ (spelled c) when -eer is attached (specifiekspecific/specificerento specify, muziekmusic/musicerento play music); this does not work for other cases of final /k/: shockerento shock, blokkerento block, flankerento flank, etc. If a noun ends in the sequence consonant+schwa+/r/, registrerento register (cf. registerregister), filtrerento filter (cf. filterfilter), etc.
- (4.5.1.3) The suffix -eer attaches much less easier to adjectives, but we do find non-native stems (frequenterento frequent < frequentfrequent(ly)) as well as native ones (kleinerento humiliate < kleinsmall, halverento halve, to bisect < halfhalf). If the adjective ends in schwa, it is deleted: liquiderento liquidate < liquideliquid, validerento validate < validevalid, disambiguerento disambiguate (cf. ambigueambiguous). If the base is formed with a non-native suffix, the allomorph -iseer is often found: legaliserento legalize (< legaallegal), criminaliserento criminalize (< crimineelcriminal, populariserento popularize (< populairpopular).
Morphological potential: nominalizations of verbs in -eer are usually formed with non-native suffxes via affix substitution: the nominalizing suffixes do not come after the -eer suffix but replace it: e.g adviseuradvisor (cf. adviseerto advise with the -eur), plagiatorplagiarist (cf. plagieerto plagiarize and plagiaatplagiate) and filtratiefiltration (cf. filtreerto filter with the suffix -atie). In the case of the allomorphs of the suffix, only the -eer part is replaced: ioniseerto ionize > ionisatieionization, accentueerto accentuate > accentuatieaccentuation, which might be taken as an argument for stem allomorphy rather than affix allomorphy.
- Haas, Wim de & Trommelen, Mieke1993Morfologisch handboek van het Nederlands. Een overzicht van de woordvormingSDU Uitgeverij
- Dutch
- Frisian
- Afrikaans
- Stem allomorphy
[68%] Dutch > Phonology > Phonology-morphology interface > Allomorphy
- Diminutive allomorphy
[67%] Dutch > Phonology > Phonology-morphology interface > Allomorphy
- Intonation
[66%] Dutch > Phonology > Accent & intonation
- Acoustic correlates of stress
[65%] Dutch > Phonology > Accent & intonation
- Suffix allomorphy
[65%] Dutch > Phonology > Phonology-morphology interface > Allomorphy
- /{s/z}/-insertion between /{t/d}/ and /jə/
[69%] Frisian > Phonology > Phonological Processes
- The phonological domain of Final Devoicing
[69%] Frisian > Phonology > Phonological Processes > Final devoicing
- Orthography
[68%] Frisian > Phonology > Orthography of Frisian
- Progressive Voice Assimilation: the past tense of the weak verbs of the first conjugation class
[68%] Frisian > Phonology > Phonological Processes > Assimilation
- /d/-insertion in the sequences /nər/, /lər/, and /rər/
[68%] Frisian > Phonology > Phonological Processes
- Diminutive formation
[67%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonological Processes > Phonology-morphology interface
- Coda
[65%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonotactics
- The phonotactics of Afrikaans
[65%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonotactics
- Nasalization
[65%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Phonological Processes > Vowel related processes
- The rounded and unrounded close front vowels of Afrikaans
[64%] Afrikaans > Phonology > Segment inventory > Overview of Afrikaans Vowels
- Dutch
- Frisian
- Afrikaans
- -er (nominal)
[73%] Dutch > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation > Nouns > Nominal suffixes
- -heid
[72%] Dutch > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation > Nouns > Nominal suffixes
- -ing
[72%] Dutch > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation > Nouns > Nominal suffixes
- -ling
[72%] Dutch > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation > Nouns > Nominal suffixes
- -eus
[71%] Dutch > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation > Adjectives > Adjectival suffixes
- Weak verbs
[70%] Frisian > Morphology > Inflection > Verbs
- Strong and other irregular verbs
[69%] Frisian > Morphology > Inflection > Verbs
- General categories
[69%] Frisian > Morphology > Inflection > Verbs
- -te
[69%] Frisian > Morphology > Word formation > Derivation > Suffixation > Nominal suffixes > Adjective as base
- Degree
[69%] Frisian > Morphology > Inflection > Adjectives
- Non-native affixes
[68%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word-formation > Derivation
- -ies (ADJZ)
[67%] Afrikaans > Morphology > List of affixes
- -baar (ADJZ)
[66%] Afrikaans > Morphology > List of affixes
- Nominalisation - Person names
[65%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word-formation > Derivation
- Derivation
[65%] Afrikaans > Morphology > Word-formation
- Dutch
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- Afrikaans
- 1.3. Inflection
[68%] Dutch > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases > 1 Characterization and classification
- 1.3.1.1. General properties of nominalization
[68%] Dutch > Syntax > Nouns and Noun Phrases > 1 Characterization and classification > 1.3. Derivation of nouns > 1.3.1. Deverbal nouns
- 1.3.3. Relational adjectives
[68%] Dutch > Syntax > Adjectives and Adjective Phrases > 1 Characteristics and classification > 1.3. A semantic classification
- 1.3.1.3. Ing-nominalization
[67%] Dutch > Syntax > Nouns and Noun Phrases > 1 Characterization and classification > 1.3. Derivation of nouns > 1.3.1. Deverbal nouns
- 1.3.1.5. Er-nominalization
[67%] Dutch > Syntax > Nouns and Noun Phrases > 1 Characterization and classification > 1.3. Derivation of nouns > 1.3.1. Deverbal nouns
- Verbs and Verb Phrases in Frisian
[65%] Frisian > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases
- Constructions with verbs and verb clusters
[65%] Frisian > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases > Characteristics and classification
- Verb agreement paradigm and homophony
[65%] Frisian > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases > Agreement
- Combining with to-infinitives
[64%] Frisian > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases > Predication and noun incorporation > Copulas
- The third construction
[63%] Frisian > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases > To-infinitival clauses > Verbal to-infinitives
- Mood
[68%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases > 1. Characterization and classification
- General properties of nominalization
[68%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Nouns and Noun Phrases > 1. Characterization and classification > 1.3 Derivation of nouns > 1.3.1. Deverbal nouns
- Inflection and derivation
[67%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Verbs and Verb Phrases > 1. Characterization and classification
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[67%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Nouns and Noun Phrases > 3. Modification
- The modification of substantive nouns: Demonstratives
[67%] Afrikaans > Syntax > Nouns and Noun Phrases > 3. Modification
